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(a)
Interpretation:
The structure of
Concept introduction:
Answer to Problem 21.1P
The structure of
Explanation of Solution
In
Figure 1
At the fifth carbon, there is a cyano group
Figure 2
The above skeleton is completed by adding hydrogens as per the tetravalency of carbon as shown below.
Figure 3
The structure of
(b)
Interpretation:
The structure of isopropyl valerate is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
Carboxylic acid is a class of organic compound that contains a
Answer to Problem 21.1P
The structure of isopropyl valerate is shown below.
Explanation of Solution
The structure of isopropyl valerate consists of eight carbons, sixteen hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms. Isopropyl valerate is a common name of isopropyl pentanoate. It is a five carbon carboxylic acid. The structure of pentanoic acid is shown below.
Figure 4
The hydrogen of carboxylic group is replaced by an isopropyl group to form an ester. The structure of isopropyl valerate is shown below.
Figure 5
The structure of isopropyl valerate is shown in Figure 5.
(c)
Interpretation:
The structure of ethyl methyl malonate is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
Carboxylic acid is a class of organic compound that contains a
Answer to Problem 21.1P
The structure of ethyl methyl malonate is shown below.
Explanation of Solution
The structure of ethyl methyl malonate consists of a eight carbons, fourteen hydrogen and four oxygen. Ethyl methyl malonate consists of propane dioic acid as parent chain.
The structure of propane dioic acid is shown below.
Figure 6
In the above structure, at first position hydrogen is substituted by a methyl group and at the last carboxyl group an ethyl group replaces the hydrogen of the carboxyl group. The structure of ethyl methyl malonate is shown below.
Figure 7
The structure of ethyl methyl malonate is shown in Figure 6.
(d)
Interpretation:
The structure of cyclohexyl acetate is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
Carboxylic acid is a class of organic compound that contains a
Answer to Problem 21.1P
The structure of cyclohexyl acetate is shown below.
Explanation of Solution
Cyclohexyl acetate consists of a cyclohexane ring and an acetate group. The acetate group is given by the formula
Figure 8
The structure of cyclohexyl acetate is shown in Figure 8
(e)
Interpretation:
The structure of
Concept introduction:
Carboxylic acid is a class of organic compound that contains a
Answer to Problem 21.1P
The structure of
Explanation of Solution
The structure of
Figure 9
The structure of
(f)
Interpretation:
The structure of
Concept introduction:
Carboxylic acid is a class of organic compound that contains a
Answer to Problem 21.1P
The structure of
Explanation of Solution
Lactones are cyclic esters. The structure of
Figure 10
The structure of
(g)
Interpretation:
The structure of glutarimide is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
Carboxylic acid is a class of organic compound that contains a
Answer to Problem 21.1P
The structure of glutarimide is shown below.
Explanation of Solution
The structure of glutarimide consists of a piperidine ring. There are two carbonyl group present adjacent to the nitrogen group. The structure of a piperidine ring is shown below.
Figure 11
Therefore, the structure of glutarimide is shown below.
Figure 12
The structure of glutarimide is shown in Figure 12.
(h)
Interpretation:
The structure of
Concept introduction:
Carboxylic acid is a class of organic compound that contains a
Answer to Problem 21.1P
The structure of
Explanation of Solution
There is carboxyl group present in
Figure 13
The structure of
(i)
Interpretation:
The structure of
Concept introduction:
Carboxylic acid is a class of organic compound that contains a
Answer to Problem 21.1P
The structure of
Explanation of Solution
In
Figure 14
In the above structure there is a ethoxy carbonyl group at the third position. Therefore, the structure of
Figure 15
The structure of
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Chapter 21 Solutions
EBK ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- Show by chemical equation the reaction of [HCN] and [CH3MgBr] with any alarrow_forwardGive the chemical equation for the preparation of: -Any aldehyde -Any keytonearrow_forward+ C8H16O2 (Fatty acid) + 11 02 → 8 CO2 a. Which of the above are the reactants? b. Which of the above are the products? H2o CO₂ c. Which reactant is the electron donor? Futty acid d. Which reactant is the electron acceptor? e. Which of the product is now reduced? f. Which of the products is now oxidized? 02 #20 102 8 H₂O g. Where was the carbon initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished? 2 h. Where were the electrons initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished?arrow_forward
- → Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ + 1FAD + 1ADP 2CO2 + CoA + 3NADH + 1FADH2 + 1ATP a. Which of the above are the reactants? b. Which of the above are the products? c. Which reactant is the electron donor? d. Which reactants are the electron acceptors? e. Which of the products are now reduced? f. Which product is now oxidized? g. Which process was used to produce the ATP? h. Where was the energy initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished? i. Where was the carbon initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished? j. Where were the electrons initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished?arrow_forwardRank each of the following substituted benzene molecules in order of which will react fastest (1) to slowest (4) by electrophilic aromatic substitution. OCH 3 (Choose one) OH (Choose one) Br (Choose one) Explanation Check NO2 (Choose one) © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Aarrow_forwardFor each of the substituted benzene molecules below, determine the inductive and resonance effects the substituent will have on the benzene ring, as well as the overall electron-density of the ring compared to unsubstituted benzene. Molecule Inductive Effects O donating O withdrawing O no inductive effects Resonance Effects Overall Electron-Density ○ donating ○ withdrawing O no resonance effects O electron-rich O electron-deficient O similar to benzene Cl O donating O withdrawing ○ donating ○ withdrawing O no inductive effects O no resonance effects O Explanation Check O electron-rich O electron-deficient similar to benzene X © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Accessarrow_forward
- Identifying electron-donating and For each of the substituted benzene molecules below, determine the inductive and resonance effects the substituent will have on the benzene ring, as well as the overall electron-density of the ring compared to unsubstituted benzene. Molecule Inductive Effects NH2 ○ donating NO2 Explanation Check withdrawing no inductive effects Resonance Effects Overall Electron-Density ○ donating O withdrawing O no resonance effects O donating O withdrawing O donating withdrawing O no inductive effects Ono resonance effects O electron-rich electron-deficient O similar to benzene O electron-rich O electron-deficient O similar to benzene olo 18 Ar 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Accessibilityarrow_forwardRank each of the following substituted benzene molecules in order of which will react fastest (1) to slowest (4) by electrophilic aromatic substitution. Explanation Check Х (Choose one) OH (Choose one) OCH3 (Choose one) OH (Choose one) © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Centerarrow_forwardAssign R or S to all the chiral centers in each compound drawn below porat bg 9 Br Brarrow_forward
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