Concept explainers
Interpretation:
Concept introduction:
Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.
Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.
Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
Sonogashira coupling is the reaction in which an
Suzuki Miyaura coupling is a palladium catalyzed reaction in which alkenyl or aryl borate couple with an alkenyl or aryl halides. In this reaction, the stereochemistry of reactants is retained in products.
In these reactions, carbon–carbon bond formation takes place using palladium as a catalyst.
Grubbs reagent is a ruthenium-based carbene complex used as a catalyst in olefin metathesis, ring closing metathesis and ring opening metathesis
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Organic Chemistry, 12e Study Guide/Student Solutions Manual
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- (a) Which of the following polymers (i) – (vi) exist in different stereochemical forms? Draw polymer structures of all the stereoregular forms that are possible for each of the polymers. (i) polyethylene (ii) poly(1-butene) (iii) poly(2-methylpropene) (polyisobutylene) (iv) poly(vinyl fluoride) (v) poly(vinylidine fluoride) (vi) poly(1,3-pentadiene) (b) Explain why high molecular weight polypropylene is optically inactive, despite having an asymmetric center at every other carbon atom, while in contrast, poly(propylene oxide) is optically active.arrow_forwardConcerning the polymers produced from monomers containing a single C=C double bond, the following generalizations are apparent: (a) The polymers produced are almost always unsubstituted (i.e. ethylene) or have one substituent on the double bond or two substituents on the same carbon atom of the double bond. Monomers containing one or more substituents on each carbon of the double bond seldom polymerize. (b) Most chain polymerizations are carried out by radical initiation; relatively few are produced by ionic initiation. Why? Explain the reasons for these generalizationsarrow_forwardDraw the structures of the polymers obtained from the following monomers and name the polymerisation process in each case. (i) CI H₂N O (iv) (ii) CI NH₂ HO LOH (iii) охо (v)arrow_forward
- b) i) Draw the different structural isomers of the 6-membered ring compound [GAAIBNPAS]H6 in which there are alternating Group 13 and 15 elements. ii) The isomers containing both B-N and AI-N bonding are the most stable. Explain why this is the case. ii) How would you expect the structure and reactivity of the heterocycles [GAAIBNPAS]H6 to compare with borazine? iv) While borazine exists as a planar ring compound, the [GAAIBNPAS]H6 ring compounds dimerize. Explain these observations. H -ЕН -E H-E НЕ ЕН E НЕ- ЕН H `E H. H É-H НЕ E = Heteroatom エー山、 w-Iarrow_forwardGive handwritten answer and explanationarrow_forward(b) Compound L, C4H9BR undergoes the substitution reaction with ammonia, NH3 to form butan-2-amine. The reaction of compound L with magnesium, Mg in ether produced compound M. The hydrolysis reaction of compound L with water, H2O produced compound N. Compound P is produced when compound N reacts with sodium, Na. Sebatian L, C4H»Br menjalani tindak balas penukargantian dengan ammonia, NH3 untuk menghasilkan butan-2-amina. Tindak balas bagi sebatian L dengan magnesium, Mg dalam ether menghasilkan sebatian M. Tindak balas hidrolisis bagi sebatian L dengan air, H2O menghasilkan sebatian N. Sebatian P dihasilkan apabila sebatian N bertindak balas dengan natrium, Na. (i) Draw the structural formula of compounds L, M, N and P. Lukiskan formula struktur bagi sebatian L, M, N dan P. (ii) Name the type of chemical reaction for the formation of compound N.arrow_forward
- The ε-caprolactone monomer from which the biopolymer polycaprolactone (PCL) is synthesized is depicted below. (a) What is the monomer's function? (b) What is the polymerization mechanism that results in the formation of PCL? (c) Define/Illustrate the homopolymer's repeating unit provided that the functional group is placed at the hydrocarbon chain's terminal position.arrow_forwardConsider the following structural formulas. OH -осн A в D E (a) Which of the compounds A-E can easily be oxidized? (b) Provide the typical oxidation products for all compounds selected in (a). (c) Explain why the compounds not selected in (a) cannot be easily oxidized.arrow_forwardButan-1-ol can be oxidised by acidified potassium dichromate( VI) using two different methods. (a) In the first method, butan-1-ol is added dropwise to acidified potassium dichromate( VI) and the product is distilled off immediately. (i) Using the symbol [O] for the oxidising agent, write an equation for this oxidation of butan-1-ol, showing clearly the structure of the product.State what colour change you would observe. Equation ........................................................................................................... Colour change .................................................................................................. (ii) Butan-1-ol and butan-2-ol give different products on oxidation by this first method. By stating a reagent and the observation with each compound, give a simple test to distinguish between these two oxidation products. Reagent…arrow_forward
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