Using the knowledge of fatty acid biosynthesis, given experimental observation: Addition of uniformly labeled [ 14 C] acetyl-CoA to a soluble liver fraction yields palmitate uniformly labeled with [ 14 C]. Introduction : Fatty acid is the common pathway which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA and NADPH produce fatty acids in the presence of enzyme fatty acid synthases.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 1P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Using the knowledge of fatty acid biosynthesis, given experimental observation: Addition of uniformly labeled [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA to a soluble liver fraction yields palmitate uniformly labeled with [¹⁴C].

Introduction:

Fatty acid is the common pathway which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA and NADPH produce fatty acids in the presence of enzyme fatty acid synthases.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The 16 carbon molecules of palmate are derived from 8 acetyl groups of 8 acetyl-CoA molecules. The addition of [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA will produce malonyl-CoA which is labeled at [C-1] and [C-2], followed by production of labeled palmitate. The acetyl-CoA is needed to load the acyl carrier protein, in the presence of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, acetyl-CoA, and CO₂will produce malonyl-CoA.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Using the knowledge of fatty acid biosynthesis, given experimental observation: b. Addition of a trace of uniformly labeled [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA in the presence of an excess of unlabeled malonyl-CoA to a soluble liver fraction yields palmitate labeled with [¹⁴C] only in C-15 and C-16 .

Introduction:

Fatty acid is the common pathway which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA and NADPH produce fatty acids in the presence of enzyme fatty acid synthases.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The metabolic pool of malonyl-CoA is the main resource of all palmitate carbons except carbon-16 and carbon-15. The trace amount of [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA cannot label the pool of malonyl-CoA , hence in the presence of unlabeled malonyl-CoA in excess amount addition trace of uniformly labeled[¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA, the acyl- carrier protein is loaded with labeled[¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA and produced palmitate instead of malonyl-CoA , which is labeled as [C-15] and [C-16].

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1. Estimate the concentration of an enzyme within a living cell. Assume that: (a): fresh tissue is 80% water and all of it is intracellular (b): the total soluble protein represents 15% of the weight (c): all the soluble proteins are enzymes (d): the average molecular weight of the proteins is 150,000 (E): about 100 different enzymes are present please help I am lost

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 1P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Using the knowledge of fatty acid biosynthesis, given experimental observation: Addition of uniformly labeled [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA to a soluble liver fraction yields palmitate uniformly labeled with [¹⁴C].

Introduction:

Fatty acid is the common pathway which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA and NADPH produce fatty acids in the presence of enzyme fatty acid synthases.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The 16 carbon molecules of palmate are derived from 8 acetyl groups of 8 acetyl-CoA molecules. The addition of [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA will produce malonyl-CoA which is labeled at [C-1] and [C-2], followed by production of labeled palmitate. The acetyl-CoA is needed to load the acyl carrier protein, in the presence of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, acetyl-CoA, and CO₂will produce malonyl-CoA.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Using the knowledge of fatty acid biosynthesis, given experimental observation: b. Addition of a trace of uniformly labeled [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA in the presence of an excess of unlabeled malonyl-CoA to a soluble liver fraction yields palmitate labeled with [¹⁴C] only in C-15 and C-16 .

Introduction:

Fatty acid is the common pathway which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA and NADPH produce fatty acids in the presence of enzyme fatty acid synthases.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The metabolic pool of malonyl-CoA is the main resource of all palmitate carbons except carbon-16 and carbon-15. The trace amount of [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA cannot label the pool of malonyl-CoA , hence in the presence of unlabeled malonyl-CoA in excess amount addition trace of uniformly labeled[¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA, the acyl- carrier protein is loaded with labeled[¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA and produced palmitate instead of malonyl-CoA , which is labeled as [C-15] and [C-16].

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 1P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Using the knowledge of fatty acid biosynthesis, given experimental observation: Addition of uniformly labeled [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA to a soluble liver fraction yields palmitate uniformly labeled with [¹⁴C].

Introduction:

Fatty acid is the common pathway which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA and NADPH produce fatty acids in the presence of enzyme fatty acid synthases.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The 16 carbon molecules of palmate are derived from 8 acetyl groups of 8 acetyl-CoA molecules. The addition of [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA will produce malonyl-CoA which is labeled at [C-1] and [C-2], followed by production of labeled palmitate. The acetyl-CoA is needed to load the acyl carrier protein, in the presence of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, acetyl-CoA, and CO₂will produce malonyl-CoA.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Using the knowledge of fatty acid biosynthesis, given experimental observation: b. Addition of a trace of uniformly labeled [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA in the presence of an excess of unlabeled malonyl-CoA to a soluble liver fraction yields palmitate labeled with [¹⁴C] only in C-15 and C-16 .

Introduction:

Fatty acid is the common pathway which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA and NADPH produce fatty acids in the presence of enzyme fatty acid synthases.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The metabolic pool of malonyl-CoA is the main resource of all palmitate carbons except carbon-16 and carbon-15. The trace amount of [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA cannot label the pool of malonyl-CoA , hence in the presence of unlabeled malonyl-CoA in excess amount addition trace of uniformly labeled[¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA, the acyl- carrier protein is loaded with labeled[¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA and produced palmitate instead of malonyl-CoA , which is labeled as [C-15] and [C-16].

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 21, Problem 1P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Using the knowledge of fatty acid biosynthesis, given experimental observation: Addition of uniformly labeled [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA to a soluble liver fraction yields palmitate uniformly labeled with [¹⁴C].

Introduction:

Fatty acid is the common pathway which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA and NADPH produce fatty acids in the presence of enzyme fatty acid synthases.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The 16 carbon molecules of palmate are derived from 8 acetyl groups of 8 acetyl-CoA molecules. The addition of [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA will produce malonyl-CoA which is labeled at [C-1] and [C-2], followed by production of labeled palmitate. The acetyl-CoA is needed to load the acyl carrier protein, in the presence of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, acetyl-CoA, and CO₂will produce malonyl-CoA.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Using the knowledge of fatty acid biosynthesis, given experimental observation: b. Addition of a trace of uniformly labeled [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA in the presence of an excess of unlabeled malonyl-CoA to a soluble liver fraction yields palmitate labeled with [¹⁴C] only in C-15 and C-16 .

Introduction:

Fatty acid is the common pathway which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA and NADPH produce fatty acids in the presence of enzyme fatty acid synthases.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The metabolic pool of malonyl-CoA is the main resource of all palmitate carbons except carbon-16 and carbon-15. The trace amount of [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA cannot label the pool of malonyl-CoA , hence in the presence of unlabeled malonyl-CoA in excess amount addition trace of uniformly labeled[¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA, the acyl- carrier protein is loaded with labeled[¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA and produced palmitate instead of malonyl-CoA , which is labeled as [C-15] and [C-16].

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Answer 5

Chapter 21, Problem 1P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Using the knowledge of fatty acid biosynthesis, given experimental observation: Addition of uniformly labeled [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA to a soluble liver fraction yields palmitate uniformly labeled with [¹⁴C].

Introduction:

Fatty acid is the common pathway which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA and NADPH produce fatty acids in the presence of enzyme fatty acid synthases.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The 16 carbon molecules of palmate are derived from 8 acetyl groups of 8 acetyl-CoA molecules. The addition of [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA will produce malonyl-CoA which is labeled at [C-1] and [C-2], followed by production of labeled palmitate. The acetyl-CoA is needed to load the acyl carrier protein, in the presence of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, acetyl-CoA, and CO₂will produce malonyl-CoA.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Using the knowledge of fatty acid biosynthesis, given experimental observation: b. Addition of a trace of uniformly labeled [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA in the presence of an excess of unlabeled malonyl-CoA to a soluble liver fraction yields palmitate labeled with [¹⁴C] only in C-15 and C-16 .

Introduction:

Fatty acid is the common pathway which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA and NADPH produce fatty acids in the presence of enzyme fatty acid synthases.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The metabolic pool of malonyl-CoA is the main resource of all palmitate carbons except carbon-16 and carbon-15. The trace amount of [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA cannot label the pool of malonyl-CoA , hence in the presence of unlabeled malonyl-CoA in excess amount addition trace of uniformly labeled[¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA, the acyl- carrier protein is loaded with labeled[¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA and produced palmitate instead of malonyl-CoA , which is labeled as [C-15] and [C-16].

Answer 6

Chapter 21, Problem 1P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Using the knowledge of fatty acid biosynthesis, given experimental observation: Addition of uniformly labeled [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA to a soluble liver fraction yields palmitate uniformly labeled with [¹⁴C].

Introduction:

Fatty acid is the common pathway which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA and NADPH produce fatty acids in the presence of enzyme fatty acid synthases.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The 16 carbon molecules of palmate are derived from 8 acetyl groups of 8 acetyl-CoA molecules. The addition of [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA will produce malonyl-CoA which is labeled at [C-1] and [C-2], followed by production of labeled palmitate. The acetyl-CoA is needed to load the acyl carrier protein, in the presence of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, acetyl-CoA, and CO₂will produce malonyl-CoA.

Answer 7

Chapter 21, Problem 1P

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Using the knowledge of fatty acid biosynthesis, given experimental observation: Addition of uniformly labeled [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA to a soluble liver fraction yields palmitate uniformly labeled with [¹⁴C].

Introduction:

Fatty acid is the common pathway which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA and NADPH produce fatty acids in the presence of enzyme fatty acid synthases.

Answer 8

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The 16 carbon molecules of palmate are derived from 8 acetyl groups of 8 acetyl-CoA molecules. The addition of [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA will produce malonyl-CoA which is labeled at [C-1] and [C-2], followed by production of labeled palmitate. The acetyl-CoA is needed to load the acyl carrier protein, in the presence of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, acetyl-CoA, and CO₂will produce malonyl-CoA.

Answer 9

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 10

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Using the knowledge of fatty acid biosynthesis, given experimental observation: b. Addition of a trace of uniformly labeled [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA in the presence of an excess of unlabeled malonyl-CoA to a soluble liver fraction yields palmitate labeled with [¹⁴C] only in C-15 and C-16 .

Introduction:

Fatty acid is the common pathway which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA and NADPH produce fatty acids in the presence of enzyme fatty acid synthases.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The metabolic pool of malonyl-CoA is the main resource of all palmitate carbons except carbon-16 and carbon-15. The trace amount of [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA cannot label the pool of malonyl-CoA , hence in the presence of unlabeled malonyl-CoA in excess amount addition trace of uniformly labeled[¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA, the acyl- carrier protein is loaded with labeled[¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA and produced palmitate instead of malonyl-CoA , which is labeled as [C-15] and [C-16].

Answer 13

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: Using the knowledge of fatty acid biosynthesis, given experimental observation: b. Addition of a trace of uniformly labeled [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA in the presence of an excess of unlabeled malonyl-CoA to a soluble liver fraction yields palmitate labeled with [¹⁴C] only in C-15 and C-16 .

Introduction:

Fatty acid is the common pathway which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA and NADPH produce fatty acids in the presence of enzyme fatty acid synthases.

Answer 14

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Explanation:

The metabolic pool of malonyl-CoA is the main resource of all palmitate carbons except carbon-16 and carbon-15. The trace amount of [¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA cannot label the pool of malonyl-CoA , hence in the presence of unlabeled malonyl-CoA in excess amount addition trace of uniformly labeled[¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA, the acyl- carrier protein is loaded with labeled[¹⁴C] acetyl-CoA and produced palmitate instead of malonyl-CoA , which is labeled as [C-15] and [C-16].