(a)
Interpretation:
The consequence of c-subunit stoichiometry for the ratio of hydrogen ion and ATP needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
The several types of ATP syntheses are A-type, F-typeand V-type. The main transmembrane subunit of these ATP syntheses is ATPase subunit C of
They are enzyme complexes which are membrane-bound, and they also transport ions like protons across the membrane. The energy can be produced in the form proton gradient making use of flux of the ions through the membrane with the help of ATPase proton network that drives the ATP synthesis.
Some of the ATPases use the energy obtained from ATP hydrolysis and build proton gradient. In this way, they work in reverse direction. The different ATPase types have different functions and the ion type transported by them.
(b)
Interpretation:
The relationship between c-subunit stoichiometry and the magnitude of the proton-motive force needs to be explained.
Concept Introduction:
For ATP synthesis, the approximate value of the proton motive force is -250 mV. This is denoted as
In the chloroplast the value of
The subunit C in F-ATPases is also known as subunit 9 as well as proteolipid. The F-ATPases contains 10 C subunits in the form of an oligomeric ring that build up the
The protons flux drives the C subunit ring rotation that is coupled with the
The continuous protonation and deprotonation of

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Chapter 21 Solutions
BIOCHEMISTRY (HARDBACK) W/ACCESS CODE
- Imagine that aldolase can react with the seven carbon molecule Sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate (below). Use the mechanism to predict the two products generated. Please draw out the stereochemistry in a fischer projection.arrow_forwardSodium borohydride (NaBH4) is a potent inhibitor of aldolase. It is known to ONLY inhibit theenzyme when it is complexed with substrate. Treatment of the enzyme alone has no effect.What is the mechanism for this inhibition? Please draw out the mechanism and show how it inhibits this.arrow_forwardShow the fate of the proton on the 4-Oxygen molecule of F-1,6-BP. Please include a drawing showing the electron flow that occurs.arrow_forward
- 1. Which one is the major organic product obtained from the following aldol condensation? O NaOH, H₂O heat A B C D Earrow_forwardAn organic chemist ordered the wrong item. She wanted to obtain 1-hydroxy-2-butanone, butinstead ordered 2-hydroxybutyraldehyde. As a good biochemist, show how the organic chemistcould use biological catalysis to make her desired compound. Please show the mechanism by drawing.arrow_forwardShow the fate of the hydrogen on carbon-2 of glucose. Please draw out the structure using curve arrows to show electron flow.arrow_forward
- 3. Which one of the compounds below is the major product formed by the reaction sequence shown here? CH3 + CH3NO2 NaOH H2, Ni ? nitromethane acetophenone OH OH HO HN- u x x x x Ph A HO -NH2 HO H Ph Ph Ph N- H B Ph NH2 D Earrow_forward4. Only ONE of the five compounds below can be prepared by an aldol condensation in which a single carbonyl compound is treated with base. Which one is it? To solve this problem, reverse the aldol condensation that formed each of these molecules to find out what two molecules came together to make the products. The one in which the two molecules are identical is the answer. Ph Ph ཚིག གནས ག ནཱ ཀ ན ཀནཱ A Ph H B Ph Ph H D Ph. Ph Ph E Harrow_forward5. Which one is the major organic product obtained from the following reaction sequence? First, equimolar amounts of cyclopentanone and LDA are mixed at -78°C. Then propionaldehyde (propanal) is added. Addition of aqueous acid completes the process. LDA, -78°C. 1. 2. H₂O* H A B H 0 D H H Earrow_forward
- 2. Which one is the major organic product obtained from the following reaction? NaOH, H₂O heat A B C D Earrow_forwardCH3CH2CHO + propanal PhCH2CHO 2-phenylacetaldehyde mixture of four products NaOH 10. In the crossed aldol reaction of propanal and 2-phenylacetaldehyde shown above, a mixture of four products will be formed. Which ONE of the compounds below will NOT be formed in this crossed aldol reaction? OH Ph A H OH OH Ph H B OH OH H H H Ph Ph C Ph D Earrow_forwardAn organic chemist ordered the wrong item. She wanted to obtain 1-hydroxy-2-butanone, butinstead ordered 2-hydroxybutyraldehyde. As a good biochemist, show how the organic chemistcould use biological catalysis to make her desired compound.arrow_forward
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