How the time of divergence of two species can be estimated by a molecular clock. Concept introduction: All the living organisms have had a common ancestor. They all diverged from it with time forming new species. Thus as they diverged their genes changed too, this also the main reason for them to change phenotypically too. This change in DNA helps in the estimation of when a species diverged from another. This is called a molecular clock.

Question

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 20.6, Problem 14SAQ

Summary Introduction

To explain:

How the time of divergence of two species can be estimated by a molecular clock.

Concept introduction:

All the living organisms have had a common ancestor. They all diverged from it with time forming new species. Thus as they diverged their genes changed too, this also the main reason for them to change phenotypically too. This change in DNA helps in the estimation of when a species diverged from another. This is called a molecular clock.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

To know when two species diverged, their nucleotide sequences or may be amino acids sequence for a protein must be compared. The more the difference amongst them, earlier they diverged. This is because they were isolated from each other for a period that allowed the mutation and fixation of new genes.

However, to compare them a standard has to be set. This is done by dating the fossils. For example: Carbon dating proved that Old World monkeys and New World monkeys separated about 30 million years ago (mya). The comparison of the DNA of humans and chimpanzees showed that their difference were a fifth of the difference in the DNA of Old World monkeys and New World monkeys. Hence, humans and chimpanzees diverged from each other about a fifth of 30 million years ago which is exactly about 6 million years ago and proved to be right.

Conclusion

Comparison of the nucleotides or amino acids of a protein to find the differences in them and calibrated that according to fossil dating will give an insight about the time the species in question diverged from each other. This is referred to as the molecular clock.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Students have asked these similar questions

Your goal is to produce black seeds resistant to mold. So you make the same cross again (between a homozygous black seeded, mold susceptible parent and a homozygous white seeded and mold resistant parent), and, again, advance progeny by SSD to create 100 F10 generation plants. Based on the information you obtained from your first crossing experiment (Question #4), how many F10 plants would you expect to have black seeds and be resistant to mold? Assume that a toxin produced by the mold fungus has been isolated. Only mold resistant seeds will germinate in the presence of the toxin. Could you use this toxin screening procedure to have segregation distortion work in your favor in the F2 generation? Explain your answer. Info from Question 4 a. P Locus (Seed Color): Hypothesis: The null hypothesis (H₀) is that seed color is controlled by alleles at a single locus. Observed Data: Total white seeds: 45 (resistant plants) + 6 (susceptible plants) = 51 Total black seeds: 7 (resistant…

10. Consider the following enzyme and its substrate where the "+" and "-" indicate cations and anions, respectively. Explain which of the following inhibitors could inhibit this enzyme? Which type of inhibitor would it be and why? (Video 5-2) Substrate Enzyme Potential inhibitors

Using Punnett Squares Punnett squares are one good way to predict the outcome of genetic crosses. Punnett squares use mathematical probability to help predict the genotype and phenotype combinations in genetic crosses. The number of possible alleles from each parent determines the number of rows and columns in the Punnett square. Independent Assortment KEY QUESTION How do alleles segregate when more than one gene is involved? Mendel wondered if the segregation of one pair of alleles affects another pair. For example, does the gene that determines the shape of a seed affect the gene for seed color? This type of experiment is known as a two-factor, or dihybrid, cross because it involves two different genes. Single-gene crosses are monohybrid crosses. Visual Reading Tool: Two-Factor Cross: F₂ The Punnett square shows the results of self-crossing the F, generation of a cross between round yellow peas and wrinkled green peas. 1. List the different genotypes in the F, generation. What is the…

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 20.6, Problem 14SAQ

Summary Introduction

To explain:

How the time of divergence of two species can be estimated by a molecular clock.

Concept introduction:

All the living organisms have had a common ancestor. They all diverged from it with time forming new species. Thus as they diverged their genes changed too, this also the main reason for them to change phenotypically too. This change in DNA helps in the estimation of when a species diverged from another. This is called a molecular clock.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

To know when two species diverged, their nucleotide sequences or may be amino acids sequence for a protein must be compared. The more the difference amongst them, earlier they diverged. This is because they were isolated from each other for a period that allowed the mutation and fixation of new genes.

However, to compare them a standard has to be set. This is done by dating the fossils. For example: Carbon dating proved that Old World monkeys and New World monkeys separated about 30 million years ago (mya). The comparison of the DNA of humans and chimpanzees showed that their difference were a fifth of the difference in the DNA of Old World monkeys and New World monkeys. Hence, humans and chimpanzees diverged from each other about a fifth of 30 million years ago which is exactly about 6 million years ago and proved to be right.

Conclusion

Comparison of the nucleotides or amino acids of a protein to find the differences in them and calibrated that according to fossil dating will give an insight about the time the species in question diverged from each other. This is referred to as the molecular clock.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 20.6, Problem 14SAQ

Summary Introduction

To explain:

How the time of divergence of two species can be estimated by a molecular clock.

Concept introduction:

All the living organisms have had a common ancestor. They all diverged from it with time forming new species. Thus as they diverged their genes changed too, this also the main reason for them to change phenotypically too. This change in DNA helps in the estimation of when a species diverged from another. This is called a molecular clock.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

To know when two species diverged, their nucleotide sequences or may be amino acids sequence for a protein must be compared. The more the difference amongst them, earlier they diverged. This is because they were isolated from each other for a period that allowed the mutation and fixation of new genes.

However, to compare them a standard has to be set. This is done by dating the fossils. For example: Carbon dating proved that Old World monkeys and New World monkeys separated about 30 million years ago (mya). The comparison of the DNA of humans and chimpanzees showed that their difference were a fifth of the difference in the DNA of Old World monkeys and New World monkeys. Hence, humans and chimpanzees diverged from each other about a fifth of 30 million years ago which is exactly about 6 million years ago and proved to be right.

Conclusion

Comparison of the nucleotides or amino acids of a protein to find the differences in them and calibrated that according to fossil dating will give an insight about the time the species in question diverged from each other. This is referred to as the molecular clock.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 20.6, Problem 14SAQ

Summary Introduction

To explain:

How the time of divergence of two species can be estimated by a molecular clock.

Concept introduction:

All the living organisms have had a common ancestor. They all diverged from it with time forming new species. Thus as they diverged their genes changed too, this also the main reason for them to change phenotypically too. This change in DNA helps in the estimation of when a species diverged from another. This is called a molecular clock.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

To know when two species diverged, their nucleotide sequences or may be amino acids sequence for a protein must be compared. The more the difference amongst them, earlier they diverged. This is because they were isolated from each other for a period that allowed the mutation and fixation of new genes.

However, to compare them a standard has to be set. This is done by dating the fossils. For example: Carbon dating proved that Old World monkeys and New World monkeys separated about 30 million years ago (mya). The comparison of the DNA of humans and chimpanzees showed that their difference were a fifth of the difference in the DNA of Old World monkeys and New World monkeys. Hence, humans and chimpanzees diverged from each other about a fifth of 30 million years ago which is exactly about 6 million years ago and proved to be right.

Conclusion

Comparison of the nucleotides or amino acids of a protein to find the differences in them and calibrated that according to fossil dating will give an insight about the time the species in question diverged from each other. This is referred to as the molecular clock.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 20.6, Problem 14SAQ

Summary Introduction

To explain:

How the time of divergence of two species can be estimated by a molecular clock.

Concept introduction:

All the living organisms have had a common ancestor. They all diverged from it with time forming new species. Thus as they diverged their genes changed too, this also the main reason for them to change phenotypically too. This change in DNA helps in the estimation of when a species diverged from another. This is called a molecular clock.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

To know when two species diverged, their nucleotide sequences or may be amino acids sequence for a protein must be compared. The more the difference amongst them, earlier they diverged. This is because they were isolated from each other for a period that allowed the mutation and fixation of new genes.

However, to compare them a standard has to be set. This is done by dating the fossils. For example: Carbon dating proved that Old World monkeys and New World monkeys separated about 30 million years ago (mya). The comparison of the DNA of humans and chimpanzees showed that their difference were a fifth of the difference in the DNA of Old World monkeys and New World monkeys. Hence, humans and chimpanzees diverged from each other about a fifth of 30 million years ago which is exactly about 6 million years ago and proved to be right.

Conclusion

Comparison of the nucleotides or amino acids of a protein to find the differences in them and calibrated that according to fossil dating will give an insight about the time the species in question diverged from each other. This is referred to as the molecular clock.

Answer 6

Chapter 20.6, Problem 14SAQ

Summary Introduction

To explain:

How the time of divergence of two species can be estimated by a molecular clock.

Concept introduction:

All the living organisms have had a common ancestor. They all diverged from it with time forming new species. Thus as they diverged their genes changed too, this also the main reason for them to change phenotypically too. This change in DNA helps in the estimation of when a species diverged from another. This is called a molecular clock.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

To know when two species diverged, their nucleotide sequences or may be amino acids sequence for a protein must be compared. The more the difference amongst them, earlier they diverged. This is because they were isolated from each other for a period that allowed the mutation and fixation of new genes.

However, to compare them a standard has to be set. This is done by dating the fossils. For example: Carbon dating proved that Old World monkeys and New World monkeys separated about 30 million years ago (mya). The comparison of the DNA of humans and chimpanzees showed that their difference were a fifth of the difference in the DNA of Old World monkeys and New World monkeys. Hence, humans and chimpanzees diverged from each other about a fifth of 30 million years ago which is exactly about 6 million years ago and proved to be right.

Conclusion

Comparison of the nucleotides or amino acids of a protein to find the differences in them and calibrated that according to fossil dating will give an insight about the time the species in question diverged from each other. This is referred to as the molecular clock.

Answer 7

Chapter 20.6, Problem 14SAQ

Summary Introduction

To explain:

How the time of divergence of two species can be estimated by a molecular clock.

Concept introduction:

All the living organisms have had a common ancestor. They all diverged from it with time forming new species. Thus as they diverged their genes changed too, this also the main reason for them to change phenotypically too. This change in DNA helps in the estimation of when a species diverged from another. This is called a molecular clock.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

To know when two species diverged, their nucleotide sequences or may be amino acids sequence for a protein must be compared. The more the difference amongst them, earlier they diverged. This is because they were isolated from each other for a period that allowed the mutation and fixation of new genes.

However, to compare them a standard has to be set. This is done by dating the fossils. For example: Carbon dating proved that Old World monkeys and New World monkeys separated about 30 million years ago (mya). The comparison of the DNA of humans and chimpanzees showed that their difference were a fifth of the difference in the DNA of Old World monkeys and New World monkeys. Hence, humans and chimpanzees diverged from each other about a fifth of 30 million years ago which is exactly about 6 million years ago and proved to be right.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Comparison of the nucleotides or amino acids of a protein to find the differences in them and calibrated that according to fossil dating will give an insight about the time the species in question diverged from each other. This is referred to as the molecular clock.

Answer 12

Ch. 20.1 - Prob. 1SAQ Ch. 20.1 - Prob. 2SAQ Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 3SAQ Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 4SAQ Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 5SAQ Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 6SAQ Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 7SAQ Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 8SAQ Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 9SAQ Ch. 20.4 - Prob. 10SAQ

Concept explainers

Videos

Explanation of Solution

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Chapter 20 Solutions