Chapter 20, Problem 69PP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The target molecule transformation should be drawn and identified for the given set of starting molecules by using its structures.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

$S_{N}2$Reaction: The $S_{N}2$ reaction is single step process, leaving group leaves the molecule and nucleophiles attack the molecule is single step process which is simultaneous process.

Grignard Reaction: This is a organometallic reaction in different alkyl, aryl-magnesium halides add to a carbonyl group in an aldehyde and ketone. This reaction is an important for the conversion of carbon-carbon single $\left(-C-C-\right)$ bond. Moreover the addition of a reagent to an aster, lactone gives a tertiary alcohol in which will alkyl groups are the same and the addition of a Grignard reagent to a nitrile produces an unsymmetrical ketone.

$LiAl{\left(OR\right)}_{3}H$Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated acid, acid chlorides and ketones in the presence of $\text{LiAl}{\left(\text{OR}\right)}_{\text{3}}\text{H}$ and carbonyl compound produced aldehyde. The particularly acid

Chloride group involves in the reduction process of $\text{LiAl}{\left(\text{OR}\right)}_{\text{3}}\text{H}$, this end up reducing to give the aldehyde.

Oxidation Reaction: The oxidation-reduction reaction is a type of chemical reaction it is involves a transfer of electrons between two species. In other words oxidation reaction number of a molecule atom or ion changes by gaining or losing electrons.

Synthesis of Acid chloride: The different acid chlorides (like ${\text{SOCl}}_{\text{2}}{\text{, POCl}}_{\text{2}}$ and ${\text{PCl}}_{\text{5}}$ etc.,) react with carboxylic acids (or) alcohols under could conditions to produce acetyl chloride.

Meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA): This reagent is extremely useful reagent most frequently encountered in the synthesis of epoxides when added to alkenes or alkynes.