The terms spontaneous and instantaneous should be distinguished and examples have to be given. Concept Introduction: Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases. In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process. In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 20.1P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The terms spontaneous and instantaneous should be distinguished and examples have to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Spontaneous process proceeds without outside intervention, whether a chemical or physical change is one that occurs by itself under specific conditions, without continuous input of energy from outside the system.

Example: The rusting of iron is an example of a process that is spontaneous but very slow.

Non-spontaneous process means the process states immediately and it takes a very short duration to occur. But spontaneous process does not mean that it will take short duration. It means that given enough time the process will happen by itself.

The ignition of gasoline is an example of a process that is not spontaneous but very fast.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 20.1P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The terms spontaneous and instantaneous should be distinguished and examples have to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Spontaneous process proceeds without outside intervention, whether a chemical or physical change is one that occurs by itself under specific conditions, without continuous input of energy from outside the system.

Example: The rusting of iron is an example of a process that is spontaneous but very slow.

Non-spontaneous process means the process states immediately and it takes a very short duration to occur. But spontaneous process does not mean that it will take short duration. It means that given enough time the process will happen by itself.

The ignition of gasoline is an example of a process that is not spontaneous but very fast.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 20.1P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The terms spontaneous and instantaneous should be distinguished and examples have to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Spontaneous process proceeds without outside intervention, whether a chemical or physical change is one that occurs by itself under specific conditions, without continuous input of energy from outside the system.

Example: The rusting of iron is an example of a process that is spontaneous but very slow.

Non-spontaneous process means the process states immediately and it takes a very short duration to occur. But spontaneous process does not mean that it will take short duration. It means that given enough time the process will happen by itself.

The ignition of gasoline is an example of a process that is not spontaneous but very fast.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 20.1P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The terms spontaneous and instantaneous should be distinguished and examples have to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Spontaneous process proceeds without outside intervention, whether a chemical or physical change is one that occurs by itself under specific conditions, without continuous input of energy from outside the system.

Example: The rusting of iron is an example of a process that is spontaneous but very slow.

Non-spontaneous process means the process states immediately and it takes a very short duration to occur. But spontaneous process does not mean that it will take short duration. It means that given enough time the process will happen by itself.

The ignition of gasoline is an example of a process that is not spontaneous but very fast.

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Answer 5

Chapter 20, Problem 20.1P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The terms spontaneous and instantaneous should be distinguished and examples have to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Spontaneous process proceeds without outside intervention, whether a chemical or physical change is one that occurs by itself under specific conditions, without continuous input of energy from outside the system.

Example: The rusting of iron is an example of a process that is spontaneous but very slow.

Non-spontaneous process means the process states immediately and it takes a very short duration to occur. But spontaneous process does not mean that it will take short duration. It means that given enough time the process will happen by itself.

The ignition of gasoline is an example of a process that is not spontaneous but very fast.

Answer 6

Chapter 20, Problem 20.1P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The terms spontaneous and instantaneous should be distinguished and examples have to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Spontaneous process proceeds without outside intervention, whether a chemical or physical change is one that occurs by itself under specific conditions, without continuous input of energy from outside the system.

Example: The rusting of iron is an example of a process that is spontaneous but very slow.

Non-spontaneous process means the process states immediately and it takes a very short duration to occur. But spontaneous process does not mean that it will take short duration. It means that given enough time the process will happen by itself.

The ignition of gasoline is an example of a process that is not spontaneous but very fast.

Answer 7

Chapter 20, Problem 20.1P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The terms spontaneous and instantaneous should be distinguished and examples have to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Any natural process or a chemical reaction taking place in a laboratory can be classified into two categories, spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Spontaneous process occurs by itself, without the influence of external energy. In spontaneous process the free energy of the system decreases and entropy of the system increases. Nonspontaneous process requires an external influence for initiation. In nonspontaneous process the free energy of the system increases but entropy in the system decreases.

In thermodynamics a process is spontaneous if it is taking place by itself without the help of external energy. All spontaneous process will have highly energetic initial state than the final state. This indicates that while the process occurs, there is a decrease in free energy of the system. The increase in randomness also favors the spontaneity of a process.

In non-spontaneous process, there is a requirement of external energy source. The free energy of the system increases. The entropy decreases in non-spontaneous process.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Spontaneous process proceeds without outside intervention, whether a chemical or physical change is one that occurs by itself under specific conditions, without continuous input of energy from outside the system.

Example: The rusting of iron is an example of a process that is spontaneous but very slow.

Non-spontaneous process means the process states immediately and it takes a very short duration to occur. But spontaneous process does not mean that it will take short duration. It means that given enough time the process will happen by itself.

The ignition of gasoline is an example of a process that is not spontaneous but very fast.