The branching of fungi and animals within the clade Opisthokonta. Introduction: The evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes took place at different periods according to various theories of evolution. The evolutionary history of many eukaryotic microbes can be studied with the help of common morphological characters and molecular sequences. This provides clues about the evolution of multiple species from the common ancestor.

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Answer 1

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Chapter 20, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The branching of fungi and animals within the clade Opisthokonta.

Introduction:

The evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes took place at different periods according to various theories of evolution. The evolutionary history of many eukaryotic microbes can be studied with the help of common morphological characters and molecular sequences. This provides clues about the evolution of multiple species from the common ancestor.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The eukaryotes evolved in many diverse forms such as amoeba, paramecium, protists, fungi, algae, and animals. These species are arranged into branched trees called clades as per their origin. The clade Opisthokonta includes Eumycota (true fungi), Metazoa (multicellular animals), and certain protists.

Some evidences show the closeness among fungi and animals. One such evidence is the presence of similar insertion or deletion sequences in fungi and animals. These sequences can be studied by genome analysis. For example, the presence of a short sequence insertion in elongation factor 1Î± (EF-1Î±). Twelve amino acids are encoded by this insert that is found in fungi and animals and is absent in plants and protists.

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1. In vivo testing provides valuable insight into a drug’s kinetics. Assessing drug kinetics following multiple different routes of administration provides greater insight than just a single route of administration alone. The following data was collected in 250 g rats following bolus iv, oral (po), and intraperitoneal (ip) administration.Using this data and set of graphs, determine: (a) k, C0, V, and AUC* for the bolus iv data (b) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the po data (c) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the ip data (d) relative bioavailability for po vs ip, Fpo/Fip (e) absolute po bioavailability, (f)Fpo absolute ip bioavailability, Fip MAKE SURE ANSWERS HAVE UNITS if appropriate. SHOW ALL WORK, including equation used, variables used and each step to your solution.

2. Drug quantification from plasma is commonly performed by using techniques such as HPLC or LC/MS. However, these methods do have limitations, and investigators may choose to use a radiolabeled analog of a drug instead. Radioligands are molecules that contain radioactive isotopes, commonly 3H or 14C. This technique allows investigators to quantify drug concentration from radiation measurements. The following measurements were made in 250 g rats following oral administration of 18.2 µCi of a 14C-labeled drug of interest: Time (min) Plasma Radiation Levels (µCi/L) 0 0.0 2 9.7 4 19.2 7 25.3 9 37.8 12 39.6 14 45.8 17 48.8 20 52.0 25 56.4 30 59.2 35 60.1 40 61.1 45 62.1 50 62.8 60 63.1 70 62.1 80 60.1 90 57.3 100 55.5 110 53.7 120 52.2 150 48.0 180 45.0 240 39.0 Note that a µCi is a measure of the amount of radioactivity and hence is a measure of the amount of drug present. Given that the oral bioavailability of this drug is known to be essentially 100%, estimate the following from this…

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The branching of fungi and animals within the clade Opisthokonta.

Introduction:

The evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes took place at different periods according to various theories of evolution. The evolutionary history of many eukaryotic microbes can be studied with the help of common morphological characters and molecular sequences. This provides clues about the evolution of multiple species from the common ancestor.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The eukaryotes evolved in many diverse forms such as amoeba, paramecium, protists, fungi, algae, and animals. These species are arranged into branched trees called clades as per their origin. The clade Opisthokonta includes Eumycota (true fungi), Metazoa (multicellular animals), and certain protists.

Some evidences show the closeness among fungi and animals. One such evidence is the presence of similar insertion or deletion sequences in fungi and animals. These sequences can be studied by genome analysis. For example, the presence of a short sequence insertion in elongation factor 1Î± (EF-1Î±). Twelve amino acids are encoded by this insert that is found in fungi and animals and is absent in plants and protists.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The branching of fungi and animals within the clade Opisthokonta.

Introduction:

The evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes took place at different periods according to various theories of evolution. The evolutionary history of many eukaryotic microbes can be studied with the help of common morphological characters and molecular sequences. This provides clues about the evolution of multiple species from the common ancestor.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The eukaryotes evolved in many diverse forms such as amoeba, paramecium, protists, fungi, algae, and animals. These species are arranged into branched trees called clades as per their origin. The clade Opisthokonta includes Eumycota (true fungi), Metazoa (multicellular animals), and certain protists.

Some evidences show the closeness among fungi and animals. One such evidence is the presence of similar insertion or deletion sequences in fungi and animals. These sequences can be studied by genome analysis. For example, the presence of a short sequence insertion in elongation factor 1Î± (EF-1Î±). Twelve amino acids are encoded by this insert that is found in fungi and animals and is absent in plants and protists.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 20, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The branching of fungi and animals within the clade Opisthokonta.

Introduction:

The evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes took place at different periods according to various theories of evolution. The evolutionary history of many eukaryotic microbes can be studied with the help of common morphological characters and molecular sequences. This provides clues about the evolution of multiple species from the common ancestor.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The eukaryotes evolved in many diverse forms such as amoeba, paramecium, protists, fungi, algae, and animals. These species are arranged into branched trees called clades as per their origin. The clade Opisthokonta includes Eumycota (true fungi), Metazoa (multicellular animals), and certain protists.

Some evidences show the closeness among fungi and animals. One such evidence is the presence of similar insertion or deletion sequences in fungi and animals. These sequences can be studied by genome analysis. For example, the presence of a short sequence insertion in elongation factor 1Î± (EF-1Î±). Twelve amino acids are encoded by this insert that is found in fungi and animals and is absent in plants and protists.

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Answer 5

Chapter 20, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The branching of fungi and animals within the clade Opisthokonta.

Introduction:

The evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes took place at different periods according to various theories of evolution. The evolutionary history of many eukaryotic microbes can be studied with the help of common morphological characters and molecular sequences. This provides clues about the evolution of multiple species from the common ancestor.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The eukaryotes evolved in many diverse forms such as amoeba, paramecium, protists, fungi, algae, and animals. These species are arranged into branched trees called clades as per their origin. The clade Opisthokonta includes Eumycota (true fungi), Metazoa (multicellular animals), and certain protists.

Some evidences show the closeness among fungi and animals. One such evidence is the presence of similar insertion or deletion sequences in fungi and animals. These sequences can be studied by genome analysis. For example, the presence of a short sequence insertion in elongation factor 1Î± (EF-1Î±). Twelve amino acids are encoded by this insert that is found in fungi and animals and is absent in plants and protists.

Answer 6

Chapter 20, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The branching of fungi and animals within the clade Opisthokonta.

Introduction:

The evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes took place at different periods according to various theories of evolution. The evolutionary history of many eukaryotic microbes can be studied with the help of common morphological characters and molecular sequences. This provides clues about the evolution of multiple species from the common ancestor.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The eukaryotes evolved in many diverse forms such as amoeba, paramecium, protists, fungi, algae, and animals. These species are arranged into branched trees called clades as per their origin. The clade Opisthokonta includes Eumycota (true fungi), Metazoa (multicellular animals), and certain protists.

Some evidences show the closeness among fungi and animals. One such evidence is the presence of similar insertion or deletion sequences in fungi and animals. These sequences can be studied by genome analysis. For example, the presence of a short sequence insertion in elongation factor 1Î± (EF-1Î±). Twelve amino acids are encoded by this insert that is found in fungi and animals and is absent in plants and protists.

Answer 7

Chapter 20, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The branching of fungi and animals within the clade Opisthokonta.

Introduction:

The evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes took place at different periods according to various theories of evolution. The evolutionary history of many eukaryotic microbes can be studied with the help of common morphological characters and molecular sequences. This provides clues about the evolution of multiple species from the common ancestor.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The eukaryotes evolved in many diverse forms such as amoeba, paramecium, protists, fungi, algae, and animals. These species are arranged into branched trees called clades as per their origin. The clade Opisthokonta includes Eumycota (true fungi), Metazoa (multicellular animals), and certain protists.

Some evidences show the closeness among fungi and animals. One such evidence is the presence of similar insertion or deletion sequences in fungi and animals. These sequences can be studied by genome analysis. For example, the presence of a short sequence insertion in elongation factor 1Î± (EF-1Î±). Twelve amino acids are encoded by this insert that is found in fungi and animals and is absent in plants and protists.

Answer 9

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Answer 10

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Answer 11

Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 1TQ Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 2TQ Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 3TQ Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 4TQ Ch. 20.3 - Prob. 1TQ Ch. 20.4 - Prob. 1TQ Ch. 20.4 - Prob. 2TQ Ch. 20.5 - Prob. 1TQ Ch. 20.5 - Prob. 2TQ Ch. 20 - Prob. 1RQ

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