Chapter 20, Problem 19RQ

How does the structure of alveoli maximize gas exchange?

We inhale oxygen when we breathe and exhale carbon dioxide. What is the oxygen used for and where does the carbon dioxide come from?

Describe the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.

What are some advantages of gas exchange in air over gas exchange in water?

A smoker develops damage to several alveoli that then can no longer function. How does this affect gas exchange?

How does hemoglobin help maintain the oxygen partial pressure gradient during gas transport in the body?

When you sneeze, abdominal muscles abruptly contract, pushing your diaphragm upward. Given the discussion of the respiratory cycle in Section 10.4, why does this change expel air out your nose?

Describe the neural factors involved in increasing ventilation during exercise.

What is respiratory rate and how is it controlled?