(a) Interpretation: Hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of the molecule Pentaerythrityl palmitate are to be identified. Concept introduction: Non-ionic detergents contain molecules with hydrophilic head groups that are uncharged. The polar portion of the molecule can interact with water via dipole-dipole interactions and thus, it is the hydrophilic head group. The long straight hydrocarbon chain which is non-polar can interact with itself via induced dipole-induced dipole interactions.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 2.61P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of the molecule Pentaerythrityl palmitate are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Non-ionic detergents contain molecules with hydrophilic head groups that are uncharged. The polar portion of the molecule can interact with water via dipole-dipole interactions and thus, it is the hydrophilic head group. The long straight hydrocarbon chain which is non-polar can interact with itself via induced dipole-induced dipole interactions.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Micelle that would form, if the compound Pentaerythrityl palmitate was dissolved in water, is to be depicted.

Concept introduction:

Detergents are long-chain molecules that are ionic on one end and highly non-polar on the other end. Non-ionic detergents are dissolved in water as micelles, in which, the polar groups are arranged on the exterior, and the hydrocarbon (non-polar) tails are arranged on the interior.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Intermolecular interactions that are primarily responsible for the solubility of micelle in water are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a micelle, the nonpolar tails are on the inside of the sphere, where they can interact with one another via extensive induced dipole–induced dipole interactions, whereas the polar groups, that are on the outside, can form the greatest number of hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water molecules.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Advantages of nonionic detergent over ionic detergent in hard water are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hard water contains significant concentrations of Calcium and Magnesium ions. Detergents are long-chain molecules that are ionic/polar on one end and highly non-polar on the other end. Non-ionic detergents are unaffected by hard water, as they do not form scum with the salts of calcium and magnesium ions in hard water. Ionic detergents bind more strongly to the calcium and magnesium ions which results in the formation of scum which persists on clothes. This is the main advantage of nonionic detergents over ionic detergents in hard water.

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Predict the major products of the following organic reaction: Some important notes: Δ CN ? • Draw the major product, or products, of the reaction in the drawing area below. • If there aren't any products, because no reaction will take place, check the box below the drawing area instead. Be sure to use wedge and dash bonds when necessary, for example to distinguish between major products that are enantiomers. ONO reaction. Click and drag to start drawing a structure.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 2.61P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of the molecule Pentaerythrityl palmitate are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Non-ionic detergents contain molecules with hydrophilic head groups that are uncharged. The polar portion of the molecule can interact with water via dipole-dipole interactions and thus, it is the hydrophilic head group. The long straight hydrocarbon chain which is non-polar can interact with itself via induced dipole-induced dipole interactions.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Micelle that would form, if the compound Pentaerythrityl palmitate was dissolved in water, is to be depicted.

Concept introduction:

Detergents are long-chain molecules that are ionic on one end and highly non-polar on the other end. Non-ionic detergents are dissolved in water as micelles, in which, the polar groups are arranged on the exterior, and the hydrocarbon (non-polar) tails are arranged on the interior.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Intermolecular interactions that are primarily responsible for the solubility of micelle in water are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a micelle, the nonpolar tails are on the inside of the sphere, where they can interact with one another via extensive induced dipole–induced dipole interactions, whereas the polar groups, that are on the outside, can form the greatest number of hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water molecules.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Advantages of nonionic detergent over ionic detergent in hard water are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hard water contains significant concentrations of Calcium and Magnesium ions. Detergents are long-chain molecules that are ionic/polar on one end and highly non-polar on the other end. Non-ionic detergents are unaffected by hard water, as they do not form scum with the salts of calcium and magnesium ions in hard water. Ionic detergents bind more strongly to the calcium and magnesium ions which results in the formation of scum which persists on clothes. This is the main advantage of nonionic detergents over ionic detergents in hard water.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 2.61P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of the molecule Pentaerythrityl palmitate are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Non-ionic detergents contain molecules with hydrophilic head groups that are uncharged. The polar portion of the molecule can interact with water via dipole-dipole interactions and thus, it is the hydrophilic head group. The long straight hydrocarbon chain which is non-polar can interact with itself via induced dipole-induced dipole interactions.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Micelle that would form, if the compound Pentaerythrityl palmitate was dissolved in water, is to be depicted.

Concept introduction:

Detergents are long-chain molecules that are ionic on one end and highly non-polar on the other end. Non-ionic detergents are dissolved in water as micelles, in which, the polar groups are arranged on the exterior, and the hydrocarbon (non-polar) tails are arranged on the interior.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Intermolecular interactions that are primarily responsible for the solubility of micelle in water are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a micelle, the nonpolar tails are on the inside of the sphere, where they can interact with one another via extensive induced dipole–induced dipole interactions, whereas the polar groups, that are on the outside, can form the greatest number of hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water molecules.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Advantages of nonionic detergent over ionic detergent in hard water are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hard water contains significant concentrations of Calcium and Magnesium ions. Detergents are long-chain molecules that are ionic/polar on one end and highly non-polar on the other end. Non-ionic detergents are unaffected by hard water, as they do not form scum with the salts of calcium and magnesium ions in hard water. Ionic detergents bind more strongly to the calcium and magnesium ions which results in the formation of scum which persists on clothes. This is the main advantage of nonionic detergents over ionic detergents in hard water.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 2.61P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of the molecule Pentaerythrityl palmitate are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Non-ionic detergents contain molecules with hydrophilic head groups that are uncharged. The polar portion of the molecule can interact with water via dipole-dipole interactions and thus, it is the hydrophilic head group. The long straight hydrocarbon chain which is non-polar can interact with itself via induced dipole-induced dipole interactions.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Micelle that would form, if the compound Pentaerythrityl palmitate was dissolved in water, is to be depicted.

Concept introduction:

Detergents are long-chain molecules that are ionic on one end and highly non-polar on the other end. Non-ionic detergents are dissolved in water as micelles, in which, the polar groups are arranged on the exterior, and the hydrocarbon (non-polar) tails are arranged on the interior.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Intermolecular interactions that are primarily responsible for the solubility of micelle in water are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a micelle, the nonpolar tails are on the inside of the sphere, where they can interact with one another via extensive induced dipole–induced dipole interactions, whereas the polar groups, that are on the outside, can form the greatest number of hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water molecules.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Advantages of nonionic detergent over ionic detergent in hard water are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hard water contains significant concentrations of Calcium and Magnesium ions. Detergents are long-chain molecules that are ionic/polar on one end and highly non-polar on the other end. Non-ionic detergents are unaffected by hard water, as they do not form scum with the salts of calcium and magnesium ions in hard water. Ionic detergents bind more strongly to the calcium and magnesium ions which results in the formation of scum which persists on clothes. This is the main advantage of nonionic detergents over ionic detergents in hard water.

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See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 2, Problem 2.61P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of the molecule Pentaerythrityl palmitate are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Non-ionic detergents contain molecules with hydrophilic head groups that are uncharged. The polar portion of the molecule can interact with water via dipole-dipole interactions and thus, it is the hydrophilic head group. The long straight hydrocarbon chain which is non-polar can interact with itself via induced dipole-induced dipole interactions.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Micelle that would form, if the compound Pentaerythrityl palmitate was dissolved in water, is to be depicted.

Concept introduction:

Detergents are long-chain molecules that are ionic on one end and highly non-polar on the other end. Non-ionic detergents are dissolved in water as micelles, in which, the polar groups are arranged on the exterior, and the hydrocarbon (non-polar) tails are arranged on the interior.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Intermolecular interactions that are primarily responsible for the solubility of micelle in water are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a micelle, the nonpolar tails are on the inside of the sphere, where they can interact with one another via extensive induced dipole–induced dipole interactions, whereas the polar groups, that are on the outside, can form the greatest number of hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water molecules.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Advantages of nonionic detergent over ionic detergent in hard water are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hard water contains significant concentrations of Calcium and Magnesium ions. Detergents are long-chain molecules that are ionic/polar on one end and highly non-polar on the other end. Non-ionic detergents are unaffected by hard water, as they do not form scum with the salts of calcium and magnesium ions in hard water. Ionic detergents bind more strongly to the calcium and magnesium ions which results in the formation of scum which persists on clothes. This is the main advantage of nonionic detergents over ionic detergents in hard water.

Answer 6

Chapter 2, Problem 2.61P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of the molecule Pentaerythrityl palmitate are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Non-ionic detergents contain molecules with hydrophilic head groups that are uncharged. The polar portion of the molecule can interact with water via dipole-dipole interactions and thus, it is the hydrophilic head group. The long straight hydrocarbon chain which is non-polar can interact with itself via induced dipole-induced dipole interactions.

Answer 7

Chapter 2, Problem 2.61P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of the molecule Pentaerythrityl palmitate are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Non-ionic detergents contain molecules with hydrophilic head groups that are uncharged. The polar portion of the molecule can interact with water via dipole-dipole interactions and thus, it is the hydrophilic head group. The long straight hydrocarbon chain which is non-polar can interact with itself via induced dipole-induced dipole interactions.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Micelle that would form, if the compound Pentaerythrityl palmitate was dissolved in water, is to be depicted.

Concept introduction:

Detergents are long-chain molecules that are ionic on one end and highly non-polar on the other end. Non-ionic detergents are dissolved in water as micelles, in which, the polar groups are arranged on the exterior, and the hydrocarbon (non-polar) tails are arranged on the interior.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Micelle that would form, if the compound Pentaerythrityl palmitate was dissolved in water, is to be depicted.

Concept introduction:

Detergents are long-chain molecules that are ionic on one end and highly non-polar on the other end. Non-ionic detergents are dissolved in water as micelles, in which, the polar groups are arranged on the exterior, and the hydrocarbon (non-polar) tails are arranged on the interior.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Intermolecular interactions that are primarily responsible for the solubility of micelle in water are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a micelle, the nonpolar tails are on the inside of the sphere, where they can interact with one another via extensive induced dipole–induced dipole interactions, whereas the polar groups, that are on the outside, can form the greatest number of hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water molecules.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Intermolecular interactions that are primarily responsible for the solubility of micelle in water are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

In a micelle, the nonpolar tails are on the inside of the sphere, where they can interact with one another via extensive induced dipole–induced dipole interactions, whereas the polar groups, that are on the outside, can form the greatest number of hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water molecules.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Advantages of nonionic detergent over ionic detergent in hard water are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hard water contains significant concentrations of Calcium and Magnesium ions. Detergents are long-chain molecules that are ionic/polar on one end and highly non-polar on the other end. Non-ionic detergents are unaffected by hard water, as they do not form scum with the salts of calcium and magnesium ions in hard water. Ionic detergents bind more strongly to the calcium and magnesium ions which results in the formation of scum which persists on clothes. This is the main advantage of nonionic detergents over ionic detergents in hard water.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Advantages of nonionic detergent over ionic detergent in hard water are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hard water contains significant concentrations of Calcium and Magnesium ions. Detergents are long-chain molecules that are ionic/polar on one end and highly non-polar on the other end. Non-ionic detergents are unaffected by hard water, as they do not form scum with the salts of calcium and magnesium ions in hard water. Ionic detergents bind more strongly to the calcium and magnesium ions which results in the formation of scum which persists on clothes. This is the main advantage of nonionic detergents over ionic detergents in hard water.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.1P Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.2P Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.3P Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.4P Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.5P Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.6P Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.7P Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.8P Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.9P Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.10P

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