Chapter 2, Problem 2.127P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The correct scenes that represent a mixture that fills a container is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A mixture consists of a combination of two or more compounds or elements or compounds and elements which are physically intermingled. The components of a mixture are not chemically bonded to each other. The components of a mixture do not lose their individual identity. The components of a mixture are not chemically bonded to each other. Therefore, the mixture components can be separated using the physical methods.

Answer to Problem 2.127P

The scenes that represent a mixture that fills a container are D and E.

Explanation of Solution

In the image D, an element and a compound are present which are not chemically bonded to each other. In the image E, a mixture of two elements is present which fills up the container.

Conclusion

The scenes that represent a mixture that fills a container are D and E.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The scenes that represent a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler ones, are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

An element can be defined as the simplest type of matter which is composed of only one kind of atom. Hence elements can be represented by symbols. Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical or physical means. Examples are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, chlorine, etc.

Answer to Problem 2.127P

The scenes that represent a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler ones are A, C, G and I.

Explanation of Solution

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler ones is called an element.

The scenes A and C depict polyatomic elements. In polyatomic elements, two or more atoms of the same element are bonded to each other. For example, sulfur. The element sulfur is also found in the octatomic state in which 8 atoms of sulfur are bonded to each other.

The scene G depicts a diatomic element whereas the scene I depicts a monatomic element.

Conclusion

The scenes that represent a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler ones are A, C, G and I.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The scenes that represent an element with very high resistance to flow are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

An element can be defined as the simplest type of matter which is composed of only one kind of atom. Hence elements can be represented by symbols. Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical or physical means. Examples are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, chlorine, etc.

Answer to Problem 2.127P

The scene that represents an element with high resistance to flow is A.

Explanation of Solution

The scenes that represent elements are A, C, G and I

The resistance to flow is called viscosity. The viscosity of a matter is dependent on its state. Gases have the lowest viscosity whereas solids have the highest viscosity. Therefore, gases have the least resistance to their flow whereas solids have the highest resistance to flow.

Among A, C, G and I, C is a liquid whereas G and I are gases. In scene A, the element has a fixed shape and volume. These are the characteristics of a solid. Therefore, scene A represents an element with high resistance to flow.

Conclusion

The scene that represents an element with high resistance to flow is A.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The scenes that represent a homogenous mixture, are to be determined

Concept introduction:

A mixture consists of a combination of two or more compounds or elements or compounds and elements which are physically intermingled. The components of a mixture are not chemically bonded to each other.

Mixtures can be classified as homogenous and heterogeneous mixtures. Homogenous mixtures are those which have a uniform composition. The components of a homogenous mixture cannot be seen separately through the eyes. Heterogeneous mixtures do not have a uniform composition. The components of a heterogeneous mixture can be seen separately and hence can be easily separated.

Answer to Problem 2.127P

The scenes that represent a homogenous mixture are E and H.

Explanation of Solution

In scene E, the two gaseous elements are a homogenous mixture. Since the phase of the mixture is the same (gaseous), hence it is impossible to see them separately through the eyes.

In scene H, the homogenous mixture is a mixture of two liquids. Since the phase of the mixture is the same (gaseous), hence it is a homogenous mixture.

Conclusion

The scenes that represent a homogenous mixture are E and H.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The scenes that represent an element that conforms to the walls of its container and displays an upper surface are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

An element can be defined as the simplest type of matter which is composed of only one kind of atom. Hence elements can be represented by symbols. Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical or physical means. Examples are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, chlorine, etc.

Answer to Problem 2.127P

The scene that represents an element that conforms to the walls of its container and displays an upper surface is C

Explanation of Solution

An element may exist in solid, liquid and gaseous forms. Among the solids, liquids, and gases, the liquids conform to the walls of its container and display an upper surface.

The scenes that represent an element are A, C, G and I. The element in scene A is solid. The elements in scenes g and I are gases. The element in scene C is a liquid. Therefore scene C represents an element that conforms to the walls of its container and displays an upper surface.

Conclusion

The scene that represents an element that conforms to the walls of its container and displays an upper surface is C

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The scenes that represent an element that conforms to the walls of its container and displays an upper surface are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

An element can be defined as the simplest type of matter which is composed of only one kind of atom. Hence elements can be represented by symbols. Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical or physical means. Examples are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, chlorine, etc.

Answer to Problem 2.127P

The scene that represents an element that conforms to the walls of its container and displays an upper surface is C

Explanation of Solution

An element may exist in solid, liquid and gaseous forms. Among the solids, liquids, and gases, the liquids conform to the walls of its container and display an upper surface.

The scenes that represent an element are A, C, G and I. The element in scene A is solid. The elements in scenes g and I are gases. The element in scene C is a liquid. Therefore scene C represents an element that conforms to the walls of its container and displays an upper surface.

Conclusion

The scene that represents an element that conforms to the walls of its container and displays an upper surface is C

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The scenes that represent a gas that consists of diatomic particles are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. The three states of matter are as follows:

Solids – Solids are those substances in which the constituent particles are tightly packed. Solids have a fixed shape and volume.

Liquids – Liquids are those substances in which the constituent particles are loosely packed compared to those of the solids but tighter than those of the gases. Liquids take the shape of the container they fill.

Gases – Gases are those substances in which the constituent particles are free to move around. Gases neither have a definite shape nor a definite volume.

Answer to Problem 2.127P

The scenes that represent a gas that consists of diatomic particles are B and G.

Explanation of Solution

The scenes that represent the gaseous states are B, D, E, F, G and I.

In the scenes D, E and I, the gases are monatomic. The gas in scene I is triatomic. The gases in scenes B and G are diatomic.

Conclusion

The scenes that represent a gas that consists of diatomic particles are B and G.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The scenes that represent a gas that consists of diatomic particles are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. The three states of matter are as follows:

Solids – Solids are those substances in which the constituent particles are tightly packed. Solids have a fixed shape and volume.

Liquids – Liquids are those substances in which the constituent particles are loosely packed compared to those of the solids but tighter than those of the gases. Liquids take the shape of the container they fill.

Gases – Gases are those substances in which the constituent particles are free to move around. Gases neither have a definite shape nor a definite volume.

Answer to Problem 2.127P

The scenes that represent a gas that consists of diatomic particles are B and G.

Explanation of Solution

The scenes that represent the gaseous states are B, D, E, F, G and I.

In the scenes D, E and I, the gases are monatomic. The gas in scene I is triatomic. The gases in scenes B and G are diatomic.

Conclusion

The scenes that represent a gas that consists of diatomic particles are B and G.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The scene that represents a substance with a $2:1$ ratio of its component atoms is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The law of definite composition - This law can be defined as; a particular compound maintains an exact universal proportion of elements in its composition, irrespective of the source. The proposal for this law was made by Joseph Proust.

Answer to Problem 2.127P

The scene that represents a substance with a $2:1$ ratio of its component atoms is F.

Explanation of Solution

In scene F, the gaseous compound is formed by the combination of two white balls representing atoms of one kind with one blue ball representing an atom of another kind. Here the ratio of the white balls to the blue ball is $2:1$. Therefore the gaseous compound in scene F has the component atoms in the $2:1$ ratio.

Conclusion

The scene that represents a substance with a $2:1$ ratio of its component atoms is F.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The scenes that represent a  matter that can be separated into its component substances by physical means, are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A mixture consists of a combination of two or more compounds or elements or compounds and elements which are physically intermingled. The components of a mixture are not chemically bonded to each other. The components of a mixture do not lose their individual identity. The components of a mixture are not chemically bonded to each other. Therefore, the mixture components can be separated using the physical methods.

Answer to Problem 2.127P

The scenes that represent a  matter that can be separated into its component substances by physical means, are D, E, and H.

Explanation of Solution

The substances which can be separated into their components by physical methods are called mixtures.

The scenes A, C, Gand I represent elements in their pure forms. Scenes B and F represent compounds in their pure forms. Scene D represents a mixture of a gas and a liquid. Scene E represents, a mixture of two gases. Scene H represents a mixture of two liquids.

Conclusion

The scenes that represent a  matter that can be separated into its component substances by physical means, are D, E, and H.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The scene that represents a heterogeneous mixture is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

A mixture consists of a combination of two or more compounds or elements or compounds and elements which are physically intermingled. The components of a mixture are not chemically bonded to each other.

Mixtures can be classified as homogenous and heterogeneous mixtures. Homogenous mixtures are those which have a uniform composition. The components of a homogenous mixture cannot be seen separately through the eyes. Heterogeneous mixtures do not have a uniform composition. The components of a heterogeneous mixture can be seen separately and hence can be easily separated.

Answer to Problem 2.127P

The scene that represents a heterogeneous mixture is D.

Explanation of Solution

The scenes that represent a mixture are D, E and H. The scene E represents a homogenous mixture of two gases whereas the scene h represents a homogenous mixture of two liquids. Scene D represents a heterogeneous mixture since a boundary of distinction is visible for the two components of the mixture.

Conclusion

The scene that represents a heterogeneous mixture is D.

(k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The scenes that represent matter that obeys the law of definite composition are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The law of definite composition - This law can be defined as; a particular compound maintains an exact universal proportion of elements in its composition, irrespective of the source. The proposal for this law was made by Joseph Proust.

Answer to Problem 2.127P

The scenes that represent matter that obeys the law of definite composition are B and F.

Explanation of Solution

The scenes that represent compounds are B and F. In scene B, the red and yellow balls represent two different atoms which have combined in the $1:1$ ratio to form a compound. This ratio is maintained throughout the region. In scene F, the gaseous compound is formed by the combination of two white balls representing atoms of one kind with one blue ball representing an atom of another kind. Here the ratio of the white balls to the blue ball is $2:1$. This ratio is maintained throughout the region.

Conclusion

The scenes that represent matter that obeys the law of definite composition are B and F.