The first biomarker discovered by scientists. Concept introduction: Biomarkers are the naturally occurring genes or molecules by which a specific pathological or physiological process, and diseases can be recognized. Markers are used in many biological fields such as medicines, in cell biology, genetics, geology, and ecotoxicology.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 1CF

Summary Introduction

To identify:

The first biomarker discovered by scientists.

Concept introduction:

Biomarkers are the naturally occurring genes or molecules by which a specific pathological or physiological process, and diseases can be recognized. Markers are used in many biological fields such as medicines, in cell biology, genetics, geology, and ecotoxicology.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The first ever biomarker discovered was “lead”. Dr. Herbert Needleman was the scientist who discovered the lead in the blood as a biomarker in 1970. He studied the concentration of lead in the blood sample of children and observed that the small concentration of lead can impair the child’s intelligence quotient (IQ) level.

Conclusion

Hence, “lead” was the first biomarker discovered by Dr. Herbert Needleman in 1970.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The site where biomarkers can be detected, other than in the saliva.

Introduction:

Biomarkers are the naturally occurring genes or molecules by which a specific pathological or physiological process, and diseases can be recognized. Markers are used in many biological fields such as medicines, in cell biology, genetics, geology, and ecotoxicology.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Biomarkers are molecules that demonstrate the normal or abnormal process occurring in the body and might be an indication of an infection. Different kinds of molecules, for example, proteins, DNA (gene), or hormones, can serve as biomarkers, since they all show something about the health of the individuals. Biomarkers might be formed by the cancer tissue itself or by other body cells in response to cancer. They can be found in the stool, blood, urine, tumor or other body tissues or body fluids.

Conclusion

Other than saliva, biomarkers can be found in blood, urine, stool, body tissues or bodily fluids.

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1. In vivo testing provides valuable insight into a drug’s kinetics. Assessing drug kinetics following multiple different routes of administration provides greater insight than just a single route of administration alone. The following data was collected in 250 g rats following bolus iv, oral (po), and intraperitoneal (ip) administration.Using this data and set of graphs, determine: (a) k, C0, V, and AUC* for the bolus iv data (b) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the po data (c) k, ka, B1, and AUC* for the ip data (d) relative bioavailability for po vs ip, Fpo/Fip (e) absolute po bioavailability, (f)Fpo absolute ip bioavailability, Fip MAKE SURE ANSWERS HAVE UNITS if appropriate. SHOW ALL WORK, including equation used, variables used and each step to your solution.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 1CF

Summary Introduction

To identify:

The first biomarker discovered by scientists.

Concept introduction:

Biomarkers are the naturally occurring genes or molecules by which a specific pathological or physiological process, and diseases can be recognized. Markers are used in many biological fields such as medicines, in cell biology, genetics, geology, and ecotoxicology.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The first ever biomarker discovered was “lead”. Dr. Herbert Needleman was the scientist who discovered the lead in the blood as a biomarker in 1970. He studied the concentration of lead in the blood sample of children and observed that the small concentration of lead can impair the child’s intelligence quotient (IQ) level.

Conclusion

Hence, “lead” was the first biomarker discovered by Dr. Herbert Needleman in 1970.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The site where biomarkers can be detected, other than in the saliva.

Introduction:

Biomarkers are the naturally occurring genes or molecules by which a specific pathological or physiological process, and diseases can be recognized. Markers are used in many biological fields such as medicines, in cell biology, genetics, geology, and ecotoxicology.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Biomarkers are molecules that demonstrate the normal or abnormal process occurring in the body and might be an indication of an infection. Different kinds of molecules, for example, proteins, DNA (gene), or hormones, can serve as biomarkers, since they all show something about the health of the individuals. Biomarkers might be formed by the cancer tissue itself or by other body cells in response to cancer. They can be found in the stool, blood, urine, tumor or other body tissues or body fluids.

Conclusion

Other than saliva, biomarkers can be found in blood, urine, stool, body tissues or bodily fluids.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 1CF

Summary Introduction

To identify:

The first biomarker discovered by scientists.

Concept introduction:

Biomarkers are the naturally occurring genes or molecules by which a specific pathological or physiological process, and diseases can be recognized. Markers are used in many biological fields such as medicines, in cell biology, genetics, geology, and ecotoxicology.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The first ever biomarker discovered was “lead”. Dr. Herbert Needleman was the scientist who discovered the lead in the blood as a biomarker in 1970. He studied the concentration of lead in the blood sample of children and observed that the small concentration of lead can impair the child’s intelligence quotient (IQ) level.

Conclusion

Hence, “lead” was the first biomarker discovered by Dr. Herbert Needleman in 1970.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The site where biomarkers can be detected, other than in the saliva.

Introduction:

Biomarkers are the naturally occurring genes or molecules by which a specific pathological or physiological process, and diseases can be recognized. Markers are used in many biological fields such as medicines, in cell biology, genetics, geology, and ecotoxicology.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Biomarkers are molecules that demonstrate the normal or abnormal process occurring in the body and might be an indication of an infection. Different kinds of molecules, for example, proteins, DNA (gene), or hormones, can serve as biomarkers, since they all show something about the health of the individuals. Biomarkers might be formed by the cancer tissue itself or by other body cells in response to cancer. They can be found in the stool, blood, urine, tumor or other body tissues or body fluids.

Conclusion

Other than saliva, biomarkers can be found in blood, urine, stool, body tissues or bodily fluids.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 1CF

Summary Introduction

To identify:

The first biomarker discovered by scientists.

Concept introduction:

Biomarkers are the naturally occurring genes or molecules by which a specific pathological or physiological process, and diseases can be recognized. Markers are used in many biological fields such as medicines, in cell biology, genetics, geology, and ecotoxicology.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The first ever biomarker discovered was “lead”. Dr. Herbert Needleman was the scientist who discovered the lead in the blood as a biomarker in 1970. He studied the concentration of lead in the blood sample of children and observed that the small concentration of lead can impair the child’s intelligence quotient (IQ) level.

Conclusion

Hence, “lead” was the first biomarker discovered by Dr. Herbert Needleman in 1970.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The site where biomarkers can be detected, other than in the saliva.

Introduction:

Biomarkers are the naturally occurring genes or molecules by which a specific pathological or physiological process, and diseases can be recognized. Markers are used in many biological fields such as medicines, in cell biology, genetics, geology, and ecotoxicology.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Biomarkers are molecules that demonstrate the normal or abnormal process occurring in the body and might be an indication of an infection. Different kinds of molecules, for example, proteins, DNA (gene), or hormones, can serve as biomarkers, since they all show something about the health of the individuals. Biomarkers might be formed by the cancer tissue itself or by other body cells in response to cancer. They can be found in the stool, blood, urine, tumor or other body tissues or body fluids.

Conclusion

Other than saliva, biomarkers can be found in blood, urine, stool, body tissues or bodily fluids.

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Answer 5

Chapter 2, Problem 1CF

Summary Introduction

To identify:

The first biomarker discovered by scientists.

Concept introduction:

Biomarkers are the naturally occurring genes or molecules by which a specific pathological or physiological process, and diseases can be recognized. Markers are used in many biological fields such as medicines, in cell biology, genetics, geology, and ecotoxicology.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The first ever biomarker discovered was “lead”. Dr. Herbert Needleman was the scientist who discovered the lead in the blood as a biomarker in 1970. He studied the concentration of lead in the blood sample of children and observed that the small concentration of lead can impair the child’s intelligence quotient (IQ) level.

Conclusion

Hence, “lead” was the first biomarker discovered by Dr. Herbert Needleman in 1970.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The site where biomarkers can be detected, other than in the saliva.

Introduction:

Biomarkers are the naturally occurring genes or molecules by which a specific pathological or physiological process, and diseases can be recognized. Markers are used in many biological fields such as medicines, in cell biology, genetics, geology, and ecotoxicology.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Biomarkers are molecules that demonstrate the normal or abnormal process occurring in the body and might be an indication of an infection. Different kinds of molecules, for example, proteins, DNA (gene), or hormones, can serve as biomarkers, since they all show something about the health of the individuals. Biomarkers might be formed by the cancer tissue itself or by other body cells in response to cancer. They can be found in the stool, blood, urine, tumor or other body tissues or body fluids.

Conclusion

Other than saliva, biomarkers can be found in blood, urine, stool, body tissues or bodily fluids.

Answer 6

Chapter 2, Problem 1CF

Summary Introduction

To identify:

The first biomarker discovered by scientists.

Concept introduction:

Biomarkers are the naturally occurring genes or molecules by which a specific pathological or physiological process, and diseases can be recognized. Markers are used in many biological fields such as medicines, in cell biology, genetics, geology, and ecotoxicology.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The first ever biomarker discovered was “lead”. Dr. Herbert Needleman was the scientist who discovered the lead in the blood as a biomarker in 1970. He studied the concentration of lead in the blood sample of children and observed that the small concentration of lead can impair the child’s intelligence quotient (IQ) level.

Conclusion

Hence, “lead” was the first biomarker discovered by Dr. Herbert Needleman in 1970.

Answer 7

Chapter 2, Problem 1CF

Summary Introduction

To identify:

The first biomarker discovered by scientists.

Concept introduction:

Biomarkers are the naturally occurring genes or molecules by which a specific pathological or physiological process, and diseases can be recognized. Markers are used in many biological fields such as medicines, in cell biology, genetics, geology, and ecotoxicology.

Answer 8

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The first ever biomarker discovered was “lead”. Dr. Herbert Needleman was the scientist who discovered the lead in the blood as a biomarker in 1970. He studied the concentration of lead in the blood sample of children and observed that the small concentration of lead can impair the child’s intelligence quotient (IQ) level.

Answer 9

Expert Solution

Answer 10

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Conclusion

Hence, “lead” was the first biomarker discovered by Dr. Herbert Needleman in 1970.

Answer 13

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The site where biomarkers can be detected, other than in the saliva.

Introduction:

Biomarkers are the naturally occurring genes or molecules by which a specific pathological or physiological process, and diseases can be recognized. Markers are used in many biological fields such as medicines, in cell biology, genetics, geology, and ecotoxicology.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Biomarkers are molecules that demonstrate the normal or abnormal process occurring in the body and might be an indication of an infection. Different kinds of molecules, for example, proteins, DNA (gene), or hormones, can serve as biomarkers, since they all show something about the health of the individuals. Biomarkers might be formed by the cancer tissue itself or by other body cells in response to cancer. They can be found in the stool, blood, urine, tumor or other body tissues or body fluids.

Conclusion

Other than saliva, biomarkers can be found in blood, urine, stool, body tissues or bodily fluids.

Answer 14

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The site where biomarkers can be detected, other than in the saliva.

Introduction:

Biomarkers are the naturally occurring genes or molecules by which a specific pathological or physiological process, and diseases can be recognized. Markers are used in many biological fields such as medicines, in cell biology, genetics, geology, and ecotoxicology.

Answer 15

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Biomarkers are molecules that demonstrate the normal or abnormal process occurring in the body and might be an indication of an infection. Different kinds of molecules, for example, proteins, DNA (gene), or hormones, can serve as biomarkers, since they all show something about the health of the individuals. Biomarkers might be formed by the cancer tissue itself or by other body cells in response to cancer. They can be found in the stool, blood, urine, tumor or other body tissues or body fluids.