Chapter 1.SE, Problem 33AP

Interpretation Introduction

a) Acrylonitrile, C₃H₃N, which contains a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbon- nitrogen triple bond.

Interpretation:

Structure of acrylonitrile, C₃H₃N, with a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbon- nitrogen triple bond along with lone pair of electrons is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

A covalent bond is formed by mutual sharing of two electrons between the atoms, each atom giving one electron for sharing. Such a covalent bond, that is, a pair of shared electrons is represented as a line between the atoms, for example as A-B. The number of covalent bonds formed by an atom depends on the number of electrons that the atom requires for making the octet in its valence shell. Valence electrons that are not used for bonding are called lone-pair of electrons or nonbonding electrons.

Answer to Problem 33AP

Structure of acrylonitrile, C₃H₃N.

Explanation of Solution

Structure of acrylonitrile, C₃H₃N, with a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbon- nitrogen triple bond along with lone pair of electrons is required. Carbon with four valence electrons can form four covalent bonds. Nitrogen with five valence electrons can form three covalent bonds while hydrogen with one valence electron an form one covalent bond. There are three carbons in acrylonitrile molecule. Two carbons are joined by a double bond and the third carbon is involved in forming triple bond with nitrogen and a single bond with second carbon. Out of the five valence electrons available, nitrogen has utilized only three electrons in forming the triple bond. Therefore a lone pair of electron remains on nitrogen. The hydrogen atoms are distributed on different carbon atoms depending upon their valence requirements giving the structure as

Conclusion

Structure of acrylonitrile, C₃H₃N, with a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbon- nitrogen triple bond along with lone pair of electrons.

Interpretation Introduction

b) Ethyl methyl ether, C₃H₈O, which contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms

Interpretation:

Structure of ethyl methyl ether, C₃H₈O, which contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms along with lone pair of electrons is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

A covalent bond is formed by mutual sharing of two electrons between the atoms, each atom giving one electron for sharing. Such a covalent bond, that is, a pair of shared electrons is represented as a line between the atoms, for example as A-B. The number of covalent bonds formed by an atom depends on the number of electrons that the atom requires for making the octet in its valence shell. Valence electrons that are not used for bonding are called lone-pair of electrons or nonbonding electrons.

Answer to Problem 33AP

Structure of ethyl methyl ether, C₃H₈O, which contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms along with lone pair of electrons is

Explanation of Solution

Structure of ethyl methyl ether, C₃H₈O, with an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms along with lone pair of electrons is required. Carbon with four valence electrons can form four covalent bonds. Oxygen with six valence electrons can form two covalent bonds while hydrogen with one valence electron an form one covalent bond. There are three carbons in ethyl methyl ether molecule. Since the oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon atoms, the third carbon must be attached to any one of the carbons bonded to oxygen atom. Hence the skeleton structure of ethyl methyl ether will be C-C-O-C. Out of the six valence electrons available, oxygen has utilized only two electrons in forming the bonds. Therefore two lone pairs of electrons remain on oxygen atom. The hydrogen atoms are distributed on different carbon atoms depending upon their valence requirements giving the structure as H₃C-CH₂-O-CH₃.

Conclusion

Structure of ethyl methyl ether, C₃H₈O, which contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms along with lone pair of electrons is

Interpretation Introduction

c) Butane, C₄H₁₀, which contains a chain of four carbon atoms.

Interpretation:

Structure of butane, C₄H₁₀, which contains a chain of four carbon atoms along with lone pair of electrons is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

A covalent bond is formed by mutual sharing of two electrons between the atoms, each atom giving one electron for sharing. Such a covalent bond, that is, a pair of shared electrons is represented as a line between the atoms, for example as A-B. The number of covalent bonds formed by an atom depends on the number of electrons that the atom requires for making the octet in its valence shell. Valence electrons that are not used for bonding are called lone-pair of electrons or nonbonding electrons.

Answer to Problem 33AP

Structure of butane, C₄H₁₀.

Explanation of Solution

Structure of butane, C₄H₁₀, with a chain of four carbon atoms along with lone pair of electrons is required. Carbon with four valence electrons can form four covalent bonds while hydrogen with one valence electron an form only one covalent bond. The carbons are in a chain like C-C-C-C. The ten hydrogen atom are distributed on these four carbons satisfying their valence requirements. Thus no lone pair of electrons remains on either carbon or hydrogen. The structure of butane thus is CH₃- CH₂- CH₂- CH₃.

Conclusion

Structure of butane, C₄H₁₀, which contains a chain of four carbon atoms along with lone pair of electrons is

Interpretation Introduction

d) Cyclohexene, C₆H₁₀, which contains a ring of six carbon atoms and one carbon-carbon double bond.

Interpretation:

Structure of cyclohexene, C₆H₁₀, which contains a ring of six carbon atoms and one carbon-carbon double bond along with lone pair of electrons is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

A covalent bond is formed by mutual sharing of two electrons between the atoms, each atom giving one electron for sharing. Such a covalent bond, that is, a pair of shared electrons is represented as a line between the atoms, for example as A-B. The number of covalent bonds formed by an atom depends on the number of electrons that the atom requires for making the octet in its valence shell. Valence electrons that are not used for bonding are called lone-pair of electrons or nonbonding electrons.

Answer to Problem 33AP

Structure of cyclohexene, C₆H₁₀, which contains a ring of six carbon atoms and one carbon-carbon double bond.

Explanation of Solution

Structure of cyclohexene, C₆H₁₀, with a ring of six carbon atoms and one carbon-carbon double bond along with lone pair of electrons is required. Carbon with four valence electrons can form four covalent bonds while hydrogen with one valence electron an form only one covalent bond. The carbons are to be arranged in the form a ring with two carbons attached through a double bond and two single bonds and others through four by single bonds. The ten hydrogen atoms are distributed on these six carbons satisfying their valence requirements. Thus no lone pair of electrons remains on either carbon or hydrogen. The structure of cyclohexene is

Conclusion

Structure of cyclohexene, C₆H₁₀, which contains a ring of six carbon atoms and one carbon-carbon double bond along with lone pair of electrons is