ETEXT CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS INSTANT
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780135964422
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 19.3, Problem 1CC
Explain how the following statement is inaccurate: “Antibiotics have created drug resistance in MRSA.”
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The epidemiological or disease triangle is a model of disease causation that proposes three factors contribute to an outbreak - an agent that causes the disease, a susceptible
host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together. Some general changes within these three factors that may cause an infectious disease to emerge include:
A. changes in populations or behavior of reservoir hosts or intermediate hosts
B. microbial genetic mutation and viral genetic recombination or assortment
C. environmental factors such as an increase in precipitation
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
The epidemiological or disease triangle is a model of disease causation that proposes three factors contribute to an outbreak – an agent that causes the disease, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together. Some general changes within these three factors that may cause an infectious disease to emerge include:
A.
changes in populations or behavior of reservoir hosts or intermediate hosts
B.
microbial genetic mutation and viral genetic recombination or assortment
C.
environmental factors such as an increase in precipitation
D.
all of the above
E.
none of the above
Choose one infectious disease from the list below and use the chain of infection to analyze how it is spread.
A. Please provide a comprehensive description of cholera.
B. Describe the chain of infection cholera. The chain of infection for the chosen infectious disease must clearly include the following:
1. Identification of
a) the pathogen,
b) the reservoir
c) means of transmission
d) the susceptible host
2. Describe how one could break the chain of cholera, such as breaking the pathogen link, by providing a specific intervention.
3. Include references and relevant data.
Chapter 19 Solutions
ETEXT CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS INSTANT
Ch. 19.1 - How did Huttons and Lyells ideas influence Darwins...Ch. 19.1 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Scientific hypotheses must be...Ch. 19.2 - How does the concept of descent with modification...Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 19.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Review the relationship between...Ch. 19.3 - Explain how the following statement is inaccurate:...Ch. 19.3 - How does evolution account for (a) the similar...Ch. 19.3 - WHAT IF? Fossils show that dinosaurs originated...Ch. 19 - Which of the following is not an observation or...Ch. 19 - Which of the following observations helped Darwin...
Ch. 19 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 19 - The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly...Ch. 19 - DNA sequences In many human genes are very similar...Ch. 19 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY DRAW IT Mosquitoes resistant to...Ch. 19 - FOCUS ON EVOLUTION Explain why anatomical and...Ch. 19 - FOCUS ON INTERACTIONS Write a short essay (about...Ch. 19 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE This honeypot ant (genus...
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- The following are the limitations of Koch's postulates EXCEPT: A. some pathogens cannot grow on artificial media and therefore cannot be identified as the causative agent of the disease B. some diseases involve multiple pathogens which produce similar symptoms making it difficult to pinpoint the causative agent C. some diseases are host-specific and re-inoculation may pose ethical concerns D. some microorganisms are present in the body fluids of the infected animal which make them difficult to be culturedarrow_forward5) Consider the following simulation result: 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 10 20 30 c) When does the epidemic peak? 40 50 Time 60 b) What proportion of the population gets infected? 70 a) What model do you think this simulation result is from? 80 90 d) Suppose 3 = 0.005 and y = 0.1. Calculate Ro for this model. 100 e) Can you stop the epidemic by adding more people to the population? If so, how many people would you need to add?arrow_forwardUsing the Koch's Postulates, support the findings that Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis. Specifically, you have to provide brief narratives/pictures/proofs and sources that support the postulate listed below: The organism must be isolated from the newly infected animals and cultured again in the laboratory, after which it should be seen to be the same as the original organism.arrow_forward
- Robert Koch developed a set of criteria (postulates) for conclusively demonstrating the aetiology (specific cause) of an infectious disease. Which of the following is not a postulate? The infectious agent must be isolated and cultured in vitro The disease is reproduced when a pure culture of the infectious agent is inoculated into a new susceptible host The infectious agent can be recovered from the experimentally-infected host The infectious agent is present in most cases of the diseasearrow_forwardWhich of the following is NOT true about Koch's postulates? First developed by Robert Koch, the pioneering German microbiologist In the first step, the microbe that causes a naturally occurring disease is cultured from a "wild" (non-laboratory) animal which has that disease None of the other four answers (All are true about Koch's Postulates) They represent a process for showing a causal association between a specific microbe and a disease If the same microbe from a diseased "wild" (non-laboratory) host causes the same disease in a lab animal and it can be cultured from that lab animal, this proves that the microbe is the cause of the naturally occurring diseasearrow_forwardIn a series of infection experiments, a researcher discovers that the ID50 value for the infectious bacterium Parasiticum mucoides is 2,000, and that the ID50 for another infectious bacterium, Donoteatum thisbacterium, is 150. Given these data, a person exposed to 1,000 bacteria of each type would be more likely to be infected by which bacterium? There is no way to know given the information provided Both infections are equally likely Donoteatum thisbacterium Parasiticum mucoidesarrow_forward
- Penicillin was first used in the 1940s to treat gonorrhea infections produced by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In 1984, according to the CDC, fewer than 1% of gonorrhea infections were caused by penicillin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. By 1990, more than 10% of cases were penicillin resistant and a few years later the level of resistance was 95%. Explain the various ways this resistance could be spread among the cells. Could this resistance pass to other infectious bacteria from N. gonorrhoeae?arrow_forwardPropose a simple model of Covid 19 which describes the four forms of disease. 1) Subclinical form, 2) Acute form with recovery, 3) Acute form with Lethal Outcome, 4) Chronic formarrow_forwardIdentifying an unknown bacterium is an essential step in the diagnosis and treatment process. Since not every antibiotic is effective against every type of bacteria, knowing what caused a particular infection allows us to make correct prescriptions so patients can recover more quickly. Knowing the cause of an infection also prevents antibiotic resistance as well, since incorrect prescriptions allow bacteria to be unnecessarily be exposed to antibiotics, increasing the chances of developing resistance.arrow_forward
- In relationship to infectious diseases, Identify errors as either systematic or random. Give examples.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is correct? a. Serial interval is the length of time a person can transmit or shed an infectious agent b. Contamination of the drinking water source of a community by infectious agent(s) will likely result in a continuous common source epidemic c. It is not possible for people who have not shown symptoms of measles yet, to transmit measles infection d. Mary Mallon was a chronic carrier of Vibrio choleraearrow_forwardFor the following diseases, mention the causative organism, category to which the organism belongs, symptoms as well as possible treatment option for the following diseases in a table, the symptoms and treatment options should be written pointwise:arrow_forward
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