Chapter 19, Problem 19.23QE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The maximum positive oxidation state of $\text{Ti}$ has to be determined.

Explanation of Solution

The number of electron loosed or gained in the formation if molecule is known as oxidation state or number.

The general electronic configuration of $\text{Ti}$ is,

${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 4s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 3d}}^{\text{2}}$

After removal of 4 electrons it is become,

${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 4s}}^{\text{0}}{\text{ 3d}}^{\text{0}}$

Not able to remove more electrons from ${\text{Ti}}^{4+}$, it requires more energy so the maximum positive oxidation state of $\text{Ti}$ is $\text{+4}$.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The maximum positive oxidation state of $\text{W}$ has to be determined.

Explanation of Solution

The number of electron loosed or gained in the formation if molecule is known as oxidation state or number.

The general electronic configuration of $\text{W}$ is,

${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 4s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 3d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{ 4p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 5s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 4d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{ 5p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 6s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 4f}}^{\text{14}}{\text{ 5d}}^{\text{4}}$

After removal of 6 electrons it is become,

${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 4s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 3d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{ 4p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 5s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 4d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{ 5p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 6s}}^0{\text{ 4f}}^{\text{14}}{\text{ 5d}}^0$

Not able to remove more electrons from ${\text{W}}^{6+}$, it requires more energy so the maximum positive oxidation state of $\text{W}$ is $\text{+6}$.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The maximum positive oxidation state of $\text{Ta}$ has to be determined.

Explanation of Solution

The number of electron loosed or gained in the formation if molecule is known as oxidation state or number.

The general electronic configuration of $\text{Ta}$ is,

${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 4s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 3d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{ 4p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 5s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 4d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{ 5p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 6s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 4f}}^{\text{14}}{\text{ 5d}}^{\text{3}}$

After removal of 5 electrons it is become,

${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 4s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 3d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{ 4p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 5s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 4d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{ 5p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 6s}}^0{\text{ 4f}}^{\text{14}}{\text{ 5d}}^0$

Not able to remove more electrons from ${\text{Ta}}^{5+}$, it requires more energy so the maximum positive oxidation state of $\text{Ta}$ is $\text{+5}$.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The maximum positive oxidation state of $\text{Re}$ has to be determined.

Explanation of Solution

The number of electron loosed or gained in the formation if molecule is known as oxidation state or number.

The general electronic configuration of $\text{Ta}$ is,

${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 4s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 3d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{ 4p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 5s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 4d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{ 5p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 6s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 4f}}^{\text{14}}{\text{ 5d}}^{\text{5}}$

After removal of 7 electrons it is become,

${\text{1s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 2s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 2p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 3s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 3p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 4s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 3d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{ 4p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 5s}}^{\text{2}}{\text{ 4d}}^{\text{10}}{\text{ 5p}}^{\text{6}}{\text{ 6s}}^0{\text{ 4f}}^{\text{14}}{\text{ 5d}}^0$

Not able to remove more electrons from ${\text{Re}}^{7+}$, it requires more energy so the maximum positive oxidation state of $\text{Re}$ is $\text{+7}$.