Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781337399074
Author: John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher: Cengage Learning
bartleby

Videos

Question
Book Icon
Chapter 18, Problem 91SCQ

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It should be explained that whether the sign of entropy change for system, surroundings and universe is greater than zero or not.

Concept introduction:

The universe consists of two parts, systems and surroundings. The entropy change for the universe is the sum of entropy change for the system and for surroundings.

  ΔSo(universe)= ΔSo(system)+ΔSo(surroundings)

The ΔSo(universe) should be greater than zero for a spontaneous process.

The  ΔSo(system) can be calculated by the following expression,

  ΔSo(system)= ΔrS°nS°(products)-nS°(reactants)

The ΔSo(surroundings) can be calculated by the following expression,

  ΔSo(surroundings)=- ΔrHoT

Here, ΔrH° is the enthalpy change for the reaction.

The Gibbs free energy or the free energy change is a thermodynamic quantity represented by ΔGo. It is related to entropy and entropy by the following expression,

  ΔrGorHo-TΔrSo

ΔGo is also related to the equilibrium constant K by the equation,

  ΔrGo= -RTlnKp

The rearranged expression is,

  Kp= eΔrGoRT

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The sign of ΔrH° and ΔrGo value for the given reaction should be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The universe consists of two parts, systems and surroundings. The entropy change for the universe is the sum of entropy change for the system and for surroundings.

  ΔSo(universe)= ΔSo(system)+ΔSo(surroundings)

The ΔSo(universe) should be greater than zero for a spontaneous process.

The  ΔSo(system) can be calculated by the following expression,

  ΔSo(system)= ΔrS°nS°(products)-nS°(reactants)

The ΔSo(surroundings) can be calculated by the following expression,

  ΔSo(surroundings)=- ΔrHoT

Here, ΔrH° is the enthalpy change for the reaction.

The Gibbs free energy or the free energy change is a thermodynamic quantity represented by ΔGo. It is related to entropy and entropy by the following expression,

  ΔrGorHo-TΔrSo

ΔGo is also related to the equilibrium constant K by the equation,

  ΔrGo= -RTlnKp

The rearranged expression is,

  Kp= eΔrGoRT

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It should be identified that whether the value of Kp is very large, very small or nearer to 1 also that the equilibrium constant will be larger or smaller for temperatures greater than 298K.

Concept introduction:

The universe consists of two parts, systems and surroundings. The entropy change for the universe is the sum of entropy change for the system and for surroundings.

  ΔSo(universe)= ΔSo(system)+ΔSo(surroundings)

The ΔSo(universe) should be greater than zero for a spontaneous process.

The  ΔSo(system) can be calculated by the following expression,

  ΔSo(system)= ΔrS°nS°(products)-nS°(reactants)

The ΔSo(surroundings) can be calculated by the following expression,

  ΔSo(surroundings)=- ΔrHoT

Here, ΔrH° is the enthalpy change for the reaction.

The Gibbs free energy or the free energy change is a thermodynamic quantity represented by ΔGo. It is related to entropy and entropy by the following expression,

  ΔrGorHo-TΔrSo

ΔGo is also related to the equilibrium constant K by the equation,

  ΔrGo= -RTlnKp

The rearranged expression is,

  Kp= eΔrGoRT

Blurred answer

Chapter 18 Solutions

Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity

Ch. 18.7 - Prob. 1.2ACPCh. 18.7 - The decomposition of diamond to graphite...Ch. 18.7 - It has been demonstrated that buckminsterfullerene...Ch. 18 - Solid NH4NO3 is placed in a beaker containing...Ch. 18 - Acetic acid, a weak acid, was added to a beaker...Ch. 18 - Identify the following processes as either...Ch. 18 - Identify the following processes as either...Ch. 18 - Prob. 5PSCh. 18 - Predict whether each of the following processes...Ch. 18 - Indicate which of the following processes are...Ch. 18 - Prob. 8PSCh. 18 - Prob. 9PSCh. 18 - Prob. 10PSCh. 18 - Prob. 11PSCh. 18 - Calculate the entropy change that occurs when 1.00...Ch. 18 - Prob. 13PSCh. 18 - Calculate the change in entropy of a system with...Ch. 18 - The third law of thermodynamics says that a...Ch. 18 - Identify trends in S values: (a) For the halogens:...Ch. 18 - Which substance has the higher entropy? (a) dry...Ch. 18 - Which substance has the higher entropy? (a) a...Ch. 18 - Use S values to calculate the standard entropy...Ch. 18 - Use S values to calculate the standard entropy...Ch. 18 - Calculate the standard entropy change for the...Ch. 18 - Calculate the standard entropy change for the...Ch. 18 - Calculate the standard entropy change for the...Ch. 18 - Calculate the standard entropy change for the...Ch. 18 - Is the reaction Si(s) + 2 Cl2(g) SiCl4(g)...Ch. 18 - Is the reaction Si(s) + 2 H2(g) SiH4(g)...Ch. 18 - Calculate S(universe) for the decomposition of 1...Ch. 18 - Calculate S(universe) for the formation of 1 mol...Ch. 18 - Classify each of the reactions according to one of...Ch. 18 - Classify each of the reactions according to one of...Ch. 18 - Using values of fH and S, calculate rG for each of...Ch. 18 - Using values of fH and S, calculate rG for each of...Ch. 18 - Using values of fH and S, calculate the standard...Ch. 18 - Using values of fH and S, calculate the standard...Ch. 18 - Using values of fG, calculate rG for each of the...Ch. 18 - Using values of fG, calculate rG for each of the...Ch. 18 - For the reaction BaCO3(s) BaO(s) + CO2(g), rG =...Ch. 18 - For the reaction TiCl2(s) + Cl2(g) TiCl4(), rG =...Ch. 18 - Determine whether the reactions listed below are...Ch. 18 - Determine whether the reactions listed below are...Ch. 18 - Heating some metal carbonates, among them...Ch. 18 - Calculate rH and rS for the reaction of tin(IV)...Ch. 18 - The ionization constant, Ka, for acetic acid is...Ch. 18 - Prob. 44PSCh. 18 - The standard free energy change, rG, for the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 46PSCh. 18 - Calculate rG at 25 C for the formation of 1.00 mol...Ch. 18 - Prob. 48PSCh. 18 - Prob. 49PSCh. 18 - Prob. 50PSCh. 18 - Compare the compounds in each set below and decide...Ch. 18 - Using standard entropy values, calculate rS for...Ch. 18 - About 5 billion kilograms of benzene, C6H6, are...Ch. 18 - Hydrogenation, the addition of hydrogen to an...Ch. 18 - Is the combustion of ethane, C2H6, product-favored...Ch. 18 - Prob. 56GQCh. 18 - When vapors from hydrochloric acid and aqueous...Ch. 18 - Calculate S(system), S(surroundings), and...Ch. 18 - Methanol is now widely used as a fuel in race...Ch. 18 - The enthalpy of vaporization of liquid diethyl...Ch. 18 - Calculate the entropy change, rS, for the...Ch. 18 - Using thermodynamic data, estimate the normal...Ch. 18 - Prob. 63GQCh. 18 - When calcium carbonate is heated strongly, CO2 gas...Ch. 18 - Sodium reacts violently with water according to...Ch. 18 - Yeast can produce ethanol by the fermentation of...Ch. 18 - Elemental boron, in the form of thin fibers, can...Ch. 18 - Prob. 68GQCh. 18 - Prob. 69GQCh. 18 - Estimate the boiling point of water in Denver,...Ch. 18 - The equilibrium constant for the butane ...Ch. 18 - A crucial reaction for the production of synthetic...Ch. 18 - Calculate rG for the decomposition of sulfur...Ch. 18 - Prob. 74GQCh. 18 - A cave in Mexico was recently discovered to have...Ch. 18 - Wet limestone is used to scrub SO2 gas from the...Ch. 18 - Sulfur undergoes a phase transition between 80 and...Ch. 18 - Calculate the entropy change for dissolving HCl...Ch. 18 - Some metal oxides can be decomposed to the metal...Ch. 18 - Prob. 80ILCh. 18 - Prob. 81ILCh. 18 - Prob. 82ILCh. 18 - Titanium(IV) oxide is converted to titanium...Ch. 18 - Cisplatin [cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)] is a...Ch. 18 - Prob. 85ILCh. 18 - Explain why each of the following statements is...Ch. 18 - Decide whether each of the following statements is...Ch. 18 - Under what conditions is the entropy of a pure...Ch. 18 - Prob. 89SCQCh. 18 - Consider the formation of NO(g) from its elements....Ch. 18 - Prob. 91SCQCh. 18 - The normal melting point of benzene, C6H6, is 5.5...Ch. 18 - Prob. 93SCQCh. 18 - For each of the following processes, predict the...Ch. 18 - Heater Meals are food packages that contain their...Ch. 18 - Prob. 96SCQCh. 18 - Prob. 97SCQCh. 18 - Prob. 98SCQCh. 18 - Iodine, I2, dissolves readily in carbon...Ch. 18 - Prob. 100SCQCh. 18 - Prob. 101SCQCh. 18 - Prob. 102SCQCh. 18 - Prob. 103SCQCh. 18 - Prob. 104SCQCh. 18 - The Haber-Bosch process for the production of...Ch. 18 - Prob. 106SCQCh. 18 - Prob. 107SCQ
Knowledge Booster
Background pattern image
Chemistry
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, chemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.
Similar questions
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
Recommended textbooks for you
Text book image
General Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Cour...
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305580343
Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; Darrell
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Chemistry for Engineering Students
Chemistry
ISBN:9781337398909
Author:Lawrence S. Brown, Tom Holme
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Chemistry by OpenStax (2015-05-04)
Chemistry
ISBN:9781938168390
Author:Klaus Theopold, Richard H Langley, Paul Flowers, William R. Robinson, Mark Blaser
Publisher:OpenStax
Text book image
Chemistry: The Molecular Science
Chemistry
ISBN:9781285199047
Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. Stanitski
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
Chemistry
ISBN:9781337399074
Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Chemistry: Principles and Practice
Chemistry
ISBN:9780534420123
Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward Mercer
Publisher:Cengage Learning
The Laws of Thermodynamics, Entropy, and Gibbs Free Energy; Author: Professor Dave Explains;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8N1BxHgsoOw;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY