Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material. Concept Introduction: Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction. The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance. Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom ( F , C l , B r , I ) . Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group ( − N O 2 ) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Question

These are in the wrong boxes. Why does the one on the left have a lower molar mass than the one on the right?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 67PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If - oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as oxidation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Acylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic substitution is the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides or anhydrides for the synthesis of monoacylated compound. The products are deactivated, as well as do not undergo a second substitution.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If electrons are moved from a species or oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as reduction.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction: SNAr reaction is a substitution reaction occurs on an aromatic ring where a good leaving group on it is displaced by a nucleophile.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

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These are in the wrong boxes. Why does the one on the left have a lower molar mass than the one on the right?

SYNTHESIS REACTIONS. For the following reactions, synthesize the given products from the given reactants. Multiple reactions/steps will be needed. For the one of the steps (ie reactions) in each synthesis, write out the mechanism for that reaction and draw an energy diagram showing the correct number of hills and valleys for that step's mechanism. CI b. a. Use acetylene (ethyne) and any alkyl halide as your starting materials Br C. d. "OH OH III. OH

Calculate the pH and the pOH of each of the following solutions at 25 °C for which the substances ionize completely: (a) 0.200 M HCl

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 67PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If - oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as oxidation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Acylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic substitution is the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides or anhydrides for the synthesis of monoacylated compound. The products are deactivated, as well as do not undergo a second substitution.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If electrons are moved from a species or oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as reduction.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction: SNAr reaction is a substitution reaction occurs on an aromatic ring where a good leaving group on it is displaced by a nucleophile.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 67PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If - oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as oxidation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Acylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic substitution is the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides or anhydrides for the synthesis of monoacylated compound. The products are deactivated, as well as do not undergo a second substitution.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If electrons are moved from a species or oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as reduction.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction: SNAr reaction is a substitution reaction occurs on an aromatic ring where a good leaving group on it is displaced by a nucleophile.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 67PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If - oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as oxidation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Acylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic substitution is the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides or anhydrides for the synthesis of monoacylated compound. The products are deactivated, as well as do not undergo a second substitution.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If electrons are moved from a species or oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as reduction.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction: SNAr reaction is a substitution reaction occurs on an aromatic ring where a good leaving group on it is displaced by a nucleophile.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

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Answer 5

Chapter 18, Problem 67PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If - oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as oxidation.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Acylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic substitution is the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides or anhydrides for the synthesis of monoacylated compound. The products are deactivated, as well as do not undergo a second substitution.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If electrons are moved from a species or oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as reduction.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction: SNAr reaction is a substitution reaction occurs on an aromatic ring where a good leaving group on it is displaced by a nucleophile.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Answer 6

Chapter 18, Problem 67PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Answer 7

Chapter 18, Problem 67PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If - oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as oxidation.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If - oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as oxidation.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Acylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic substitution is the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides or anhydrides for the synthesis of monoacylated compound. The products are deactivated, as well as do not undergo a second substitution.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Acylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic substitution is the reaction between arenes and acyl chlorides or anhydrides for the synthesis of monoacylated compound. The products are deactivated, as well as do not undergo a second substitution.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If electrons are moved from a species or oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as reduction.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Oxidation: If electrons are moved from a species or oxygen atoms are added to a species or hydrogen atom gets removed from a species during a chemical reaction is known as reduction.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Answer 16

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction: SNAr reaction is a substitution reaction occurs on an aromatic ring where a good leaving group on it is displaced by a nucleophile.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Answer 17

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction: SNAr reaction is a substitution reaction occurs on an aromatic ring where a good leaving group on it is displaced by a nucleophile.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Chlorination: In chlorination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a chlorine atom.

Answer 18

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Answer 19

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Halogenation: In halogenation reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I) .

Answer 20

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Answer 21

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of the given compound has to be proposed using benzene as starting material.

Concept Introduction:

Benzene is an electron rich aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Nitration: in nitration reaction, one nitro group (−NO2) is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.

Bromination: In bromination reaction, hydrogen atom of a molecule is replaced by a bromine atom.

Answer 22

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Answer 33

Ch. 18.2 - Prob. 1CC Ch. 18.3 - Prob. 2CC Ch. 18.3 - Prob. 3CC Ch. 18.4 - Prob. 4CC Ch. 18.5 - Prob. 5CC Ch. 18.5 - Prob. 6CC Ch. 18.5 - Prob. 7CC Ch. 18.6 - Prob. 8CC Ch. 18.6 - Prob. 9CC Ch. 18.6 - Prob. 10CC

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Chapter 18 Solutions