The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions. Concept introduction: Nucleophiles : A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles. Electrophile : An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond. Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups. Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E 1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E 2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 49PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

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d. In Figure 4, each stationary phase shows some negative correlation between plate count and retention factor. In other words, as k' increases, N decreases. Explain this relationship between k' and N. Plate Count (N) 4000 3500 2500 2000 1500 1000 Figure 4. Column efficiency (N) vs retention factor (k') for 22 nonionizable solutes on FMS (red), PGC (black), and COZ (green). 3000 Eluent compositions (acetonitrile/water, A/W) were adjusted to obtain k' less than 15, which was achieved for most solutes as follows: FMS (30/70 A/W), PGC (60/40), COZ (80/20). Slightly different compositions were used for the most highly retained solutes. All columns were 50 mm × 4.6 mm id and packed with 5 um particles, except for COZ, which was packed with 3 um particles. All other chromatographic conditions were constant: column length 5 cm, column j.§. 4.6 mm, flow rate 2 mL/min, column temperature 40 °C, and injection volume 0.5 μL Log(k'x/K'ethylbenzene) FMS 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 ཐྭ ཋ ཤྩ བྷྲ ; 500 0 5 10…

f. Predict how the van Deemter curve in Figure 7 would change if the temperature were raised from 40 °C to 55 °C. Figure 7. van Desmter curves in reduced coordinates for four nitroalkane homologues (nitropropane, black; nitrobutane, red; nitropentane, blue; and nitrohexane, green) separated on the FMS phase. Chromatographic conditions: column dimensions 50 mm × 4.6 mm id, eluent 30/70 ACN/water, flow rates 0.2-5.0 mL/min, injection volume 0.5 and column temperature 40 °C. No corrections to the plate heights have been made to account for extracolumn dispersion. Reduced Plate Height (h) ° 20 40 60 Reduced Velocity (v) 8. (2) A water sample is analyzed for traces of benzene using headspace analysis. The sample and standard are spiked with a fixed amount of toluene as an internal standard. The following data are obtained: Ppb benzene Peak area benzene Peak area toluene 10.0 252 376 Sample 533 368 What is the concentration of benzene in the sample?

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 49PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 49PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 49PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

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Answer 5

Chapter 18, Problem 49PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Answer 6

Chapter 18, Problem 49PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Answer 7

Chapter 18, Problem 49PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The plausible reaction and mechanism should be draw and identified for the given sets of transformation reactions.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophiles: A nucleophile is a more reactant species that affords a pair of electrons to the electrophile or electrophilic center and forms a new covalent bond. The carbon or other hetero atom in a molecule which is bearing negative charge or lone pair of electron is called as nucleophiles.

Electrophile: An electrophile is a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is anywhere benzene acts as a nucleophile to return a substituent with a new electrophile. The benzene needs to donate electrons from within the ring. Benzene becomes fewer reactive in EAS when deactivating groups are present on it. Deactivating groups are often fine electron-withdrawing groups.

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a useful group in a compound, which is typically, extra than not always, and a hydrogen atom. The other main type of electrophilic substitution reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Answer 16

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 17

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 18

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Answer 19

Ch. 18.2 - Prob. 1CC Ch. 18.3 - Prob. 2CC Ch. 18.3 - Prob. 3CC Ch. 18.4 - Prob. 4CC Ch. 18.5 - Prob. 5CC Ch. 18.5 - Prob. 6CC Ch. 18.5 - Prob. 7CC Ch. 18.6 - Prob. 8CC Ch. 18.6 - Prob. 9CC Ch. 18.6 - Prob. 10CC

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Chapter 18 Solutions