The process of distillation by which asphalt cement is produced from crude petroleum and the process of obtaining asphalt binders which is used to coat highly siliceous aggregates.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 1P

To determine

To describe:

The process of distillation by which asphalt cement is produced from crude petroleum and the process of obtaining asphalt binders which is used to coat highly siliceous aggregates.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Asphalt cement is obtained after the segregation of lubricating oils. It's semi-solid hydrocarbon with certain physio-chemical characteristics which make it a good cementing agent.The processes of refining that are used to obtain petroleum asphalts are mainly of two types:

Fractional distillation.
Destructive distillation.

Fractional distillation:

It includes the following steps:

Fractional distillation comprises of segregation of different materials in crude petroleum without substantial changes in their chemical composition.
It includes removal of different types of volatile materials in the crude oil by gradually increasing temperatures by using steam or by vacuum.
The crude petroleum at high temperatures gets separated in the distillation tower and gets collected on the successive trays.
The temperature is increased by steam or by vacuum process.

Destructive distillation:

It includes the following steps:

Destructive distillation also known as cracking includes application of enormously high temperature and pressure which results in the chemical composition of the materials.
Destructive distillation involves intense heat as high as 1100^OF and high pressure up to 735 lb/in² to produce effective changes in the chemical composition of the materials.
This process is mainly used when high quantities of the light fractions of materials are required.
The asphalt cement from this process is not used in pavement because it is more vulnerable to climate changes comparative to that produced from the fractional distillation.

The process of obtaining asphalt binders that can be used to coat highly siliceous aggregates can be defined as follows:

1. Asphalt binders are formed from the asphalt cement, by breaking the asphalt cement into minute particles, usually 100 to 250 in penetration range and spreading them in water with an emulsifier.

2. The small particles that are produced are electrically like charged, and hence they don't merge.

3. Asphalt emulsions mainly consist asphalt around 55% to 70 % by weight with an emulsifying agent and a stabilizer in some cases.

4. These emulsions are classified into three categories, which are anionic, cationic and nonionic. Out of these, cationic emulsions are more effective with the electronegative aggregates for example those having high percentages of siliceous material.

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Thumbi Irrigation Scheme in Mzimba district is under threat of flooding. In order to mitigate against the problem, authorities have decided to construct a flood protection bund (Dyke). Figure 1 is a cross section of a 300m long proposed dyke; together with its foundation (key). Survey data for the proposed site of the dyke are presented in Table 1. Table 2 provides swelling and shrinkage factors for the fill material that has been proposed. The dyke dimensions that are given are for a compacted fill. (1) Assume you are in the design office, use both the Simpson Rule and Trapezoidal Rule to compute the total volume of earthworks required. (Assume both the dyke and the key will use the same material). (2) If you are a Contractor, how many days will it take to finish hauling the computed earthworks using 3 tippers of 12m³ each? Make appropriate assumptions. DIKE CROSS SECTION OGL KEY (FOUNDATION) 2m 1m 2m 8m Figure 1: Cross section of Dyke and its foundation 1.5m from highest OGL 0.5m…

this is from CE-192

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 1P

To determine

To describe:

The process of distillation by which asphalt cement is produced from crude petroleum and the process of obtaining asphalt binders which is used to coat highly siliceous aggregates.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Asphalt cement is obtained after the segregation of lubricating oils. It's semi-solid hydrocarbon with certain physio-chemical characteristics which make it a good cementing agent.The processes of refining that are used to obtain petroleum asphalts are mainly of two types:

Fractional distillation.
Destructive distillation.

Fractional distillation:

It includes the following steps:

Fractional distillation comprises of segregation of different materials in crude petroleum without substantial changes in their chemical composition.
It includes removal of different types of volatile materials in the crude oil by gradually increasing temperatures by using steam or by vacuum.
The crude petroleum at high temperatures gets separated in the distillation tower and gets collected on the successive trays.
The temperature is increased by steam or by vacuum process.

Destructive distillation:

It includes the following steps:

Destructive distillation also known as cracking includes application of enormously high temperature and pressure which results in the chemical composition of the materials.
Destructive distillation involves intense heat as high as 1100^OF and high pressure up to 735 lb/in² to produce effective changes in the chemical composition of the materials.
This process is mainly used when high quantities of the light fractions of materials are required.
The asphalt cement from this process is not used in pavement because it is more vulnerable to climate changes comparative to that produced from the fractional distillation.

The process of obtaining asphalt binders that can be used to coat highly siliceous aggregates can be defined as follows:

1. Asphalt binders are formed from the asphalt cement, by breaking the asphalt cement into minute particles, usually 100 to 250 in penetration range and spreading them in water with an emulsifier.

2. The small particles that are produced are electrically like charged, and hence they don't merge.

3. Asphalt emulsions mainly consist asphalt around 55% to 70 % by weight with an emulsifying agent and a stabilizer in some cases.

4. These emulsions are classified into three categories, which are anionic, cationic and nonionic. Out of these, cationic emulsions are more effective with the electronegative aggregates for example those having high percentages of siliceous material.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 1P

To determine

To describe:

The process of distillation by which asphalt cement is produced from crude petroleum and the process of obtaining asphalt binders which is used to coat highly siliceous aggregates.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Asphalt cement is obtained after the segregation of lubricating oils. It's semi-solid hydrocarbon with certain physio-chemical characteristics which make it a good cementing agent.The processes of refining that are used to obtain petroleum asphalts are mainly of two types:

Fractional distillation.
Destructive distillation.

Fractional distillation:

It includes the following steps:

Fractional distillation comprises of segregation of different materials in crude petroleum without substantial changes in their chemical composition.
It includes removal of different types of volatile materials in the crude oil by gradually increasing temperatures by using steam or by vacuum.
The crude petroleum at high temperatures gets separated in the distillation tower and gets collected on the successive trays.
The temperature is increased by steam or by vacuum process.

Destructive distillation:

It includes the following steps:

Destructive distillation also known as cracking includes application of enormously high temperature and pressure which results in the chemical composition of the materials.
Destructive distillation involves intense heat as high as 1100^OF and high pressure up to 735 lb/in² to produce effective changes in the chemical composition of the materials.
This process is mainly used when high quantities of the light fractions of materials are required.
The asphalt cement from this process is not used in pavement because it is more vulnerable to climate changes comparative to that produced from the fractional distillation.

The process of obtaining asphalt binders that can be used to coat highly siliceous aggregates can be defined as follows:

1. Asphalt binders are formed from the asphalt cement, by breaking the asphalt cement into minute particles, usually 100 to 250 in penetration range and spreading them in water with an emulsifier.

2. The small particles that are produced are electrically like charged, and hence they don't merge.

3. Asphalt emulsions mainly consist asphalt around 55% to 70 % by weight with an emulsifying agent and a stabilizer in some cases.

4. These emulsions are classified into three categories, which are anionic, cationic and nonionic. Out of these, cationic emulsions are more effective with the electronegative aggregates for example those having high percentages of siliceous material.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 1P

To determine

To describe:

The process of distillation by which asphalt cement is produced from crude petroleum and the process of obtaining asphalt binders which is used to coat highly siliceous aggregates.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Asphalt cement is obtained after the segregation of lubricating oils. It's semi-solid hydrocarbon with certain physio-chemical characteristics which make it a good cementing agent.The processes of refining that are used to obtain petroleum asphalts are mainly of two types:

Fractional distillation.
Destructive distillation.

Fractional distillation:

It includes the following steps:

Fractional distillation comprises of segregation of different materials in crude petroleum without substantial changes in their chemical composition.
It includes removal of different types of volatile materials in the crude oil by gradually increasing temperatures by using steam or by vacuum.
The crude petroleum at high temperatures gets separated in the distillation tower and gets collected on the successive trays.
The temperature is increased by steam or by vacuum process.

Destructive distillation:

It includes the following steps:

Destructive distillation also known as cracking includes application of enormously high temperature and pressure which results in the chemical composition of the materials.
Destructive distillation involves intense heat as high as 1100^OF and high pressure up to 735 lb/in² to produce effective changes in the chemical composition of the materials.
This process is mainly used when high quantities of the light fractions of materials are required.
The asphalt cement from this process is not used in pavement because it is more vulnerable to climate changes comparative to that produced from the fractional distillation.

The process of obtaining asphalt binders that can be used to coat highly siliceous aggregates can be defined as follows:

1. Asphalt binders are formed from the asphalt cement, by breaking the asphalt cement into minute particles, usually 100 to 250 in penetration range and spreading them in water with an emulsifier.

2. The small particles that are produced are electrically like charged, and hence they don't merge.

3. Asphalt emulsions mainly consist asphalt around 55% to 70 % by weight with an emulsifying agent and a stabilizer in some cases.

4. These emulsions are classified into three categories, which are anionic, cationic and nonionic. Out of these, cationic emulsions are more effective with the electronegative aggregates for example those having high percentages of siliceous material.

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Answer 5

Chapter 18, Problem 1P

To determine

To describe:

The process of distillation by which asphalt cement is produced from crude petroleum and the process of obtaining asphalt binders which is used to coat highly siliceous aggregates.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Asphalt cement is obtained after the segregation of lubricating oils. It's semi-solid hydrocarbon with certain physio-chemical characteristics which make it a good cementing agent.The processes of refining that are used to obtain petroleum asphalts are mainly of two types:

Fractional distillation.
Destructive distillation.

Fractional distillation:

It includes the following steps:

Fractional distillation comprises of segregation of different materials in crude petroleum without substantial changes in their chemical composition.
It includes removal of different types of volatile materials in the crude oil by gradually increasing temperatures by using steam or by vacuum.
The crude petroleum at high temperatures gets separated in the distillation tower and gets collected on the successive trays.
The temperature is increased by steam or by vacuum process.

Destructive distillation:

It includes the following steps:

Destructive distillation also known as cracking includes application of enormously high temperature and pressure which results in the chemical composition of the materials.
Destructive distillation involves intense heat as high as 1100^OF and high pressure up to 735 lb/in² to produce effective changes in the chemical composition of the materials.
This process is mainly used when high quantities of the light fractions of materials are required.
The asphalt cement from this process is not used in pavement because it is more vulnerable to climate changes comparative to that produced from the fractional distillation.

The process of obtaining asphalt binders that can be used to coat highly siliceous aggregates can be defined as follows:

1. Asphalt binders are formed from the asphalt cement, by breaking the asphalt cement into minute particles, usually 100 to 250 in penetration range and spreading them in water with an emulsifier.

2. The small particles that are produced are electrically like charged, and hence they don't merge.

3. Asphalt emulsions mainly consist asphalt around 55% to 70 % by weight with an emulsifying agent and a stabilizer in some cases.

4. These emulsions are classified into three categories, which are anionic, cationic and nonionic. Out of these, cationic emulsions are more effective with the electronegative aggregates for example those having high percentages of siliceous material.

Answer 6

Chapter 18, Problem 1P

To determine

To describe:

The process of distillation by which asphalt cement is produced from crude petroleum and the process of obtaining asphalt binders which is used to coat highly siliceous aggregates.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Asphalt cement is obtained after the segregation of lubricating oils. It's semi-solid hydrocarbon with certain physio-chemical characteristics which make it a good cementing agent.The processes of refining that are used to obtain petroleum asphalts are mainly of two types:

Fractional distillation.
Destructive distillation.

Fractional distillation:

It includes the following steps:

Fractional distillation comprises of segregation of different materials in crude petroleum without substantial changes in their chemical composition.
It includes removal of different types of volatile materials in the crude oil by gradually increasing temperatures by using steam or by vacuum.
The crude petroleum at high temperatures gets separated in the distillation tower and gets collected on the successive trays.
The temperature is increased by steam or by vacuum process.

Destructive distillation:

It includes the following steps:

Destructive distillation also known as cracking includes application of enormously high temperature and pressure which results in the chemical composition of the materials.
Destructive distillation involves intense heat as high as 1100^OF and high pressure up to 735 lb/in² to produce effective changes in the chemical composition of the materials.
This process is mainly used when high quantities of the light fractions of materials are required.
The asphalt cement from this process is not used in pavement because it is more vulnerable to climate changes comparative to that produced from the fractional distillation.

The process of obtaining asphalt binders that can be used to coat highly siliceous aggregates can be defined as follows:

1. Asphalt binders are formed from the asphalt cement, by breaking the asphalt cement into minute particles, usually 100 to 250 in penetration range and spreading them in water with an emulsifier.

2. The small particles that are produced are electrically like charged, and hence they don't merge.

3. Asphalt emulsions mainly consist asphalt around 55% to 70 % by weight with an emulsifying agent and a stabilizer in some cases.

4. These emulsions are classified into three categories, which are anionic, cationic and nonionic. Out of these, cationic emulsions are more effective with the electronegative aggregates for example those having high percentages of siliceous material.

Answer 7

Chapter 18, Problem 1P

To determine

To describe:

The process of distillation by which asphalt cement is produced from crude petroleum and the process of obtaining asphalt binders which is used to coat highly siliceous aggregates.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Asphalt cement is obtained after the segregation of lubricating oils. It's semi-solid hydrocarbon with certain physio-chemical characteristics which make it a good cementing agent.The processes of refining that are used to obtain petroleum asphalts are mainly of two types:

Fractional distillation.
Destructive distillation.

Fractional distillation:

It includes the following steps:

Fractional distillation comprises of segregation of different materials in crude petroleum without substantial changes in their chemical composition.
It includes removal of different types of volatile materials in the crude oil by gradually increasing temperatures by using steam or by vacuum.
The crude petroleum at high temperatures gets separated in the distillation tower and gets collected on the successive trays.
The temperature is increased by steam or by vacuum process.

Destructive distillation:

It includes the following steps:

Destructive distillation also known as cracking includes application of enormously high temperature and pressure which results in the chemical composition of the materials.
Destructive distillation involves intense heat as high as 1100^OF and high pressure up to 735 lb/in² to produce effective changes in the chemical composition of the materials.
This process is mainly used when high quantities of the light fractions of materials are required.
The asphalt cement from this process is not used in pavement because it is more vulnerable to climate changes comparative to that produced from the fractional distillation.

The process of obtaining asphalt binders that can be used to coat highly siliceous aggregates can be defined as follows:

1. Asphalt binders are formed from the asphalt cement, by breaking the asphalt cement into minute particles, usually 100 to 250 in penetration range and spreading them in water with an emulsifier.

2. The small particles that are produced are electrically like charged, and hence they don't merge.

3. Asphalt emulsions mainly consist asphalt around 55% to 70 % by weight with an emulsifying agent and a stabilizer in some cases.

4. These emulsions are classified into three categories, which are anionic, cationic and nonionic. Out of these, cationic emulsions are more effective with the electronegative aggregates for example those having high percentages of siliceous material.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Ch. 18 - Prob. 1P Ch. 18 - Prob. 2P Ch. 18 - Prob. 3P Ch. 18 - Prob. 4P Ch. 18 - Given the specifications for an asphaltic concrete...Ch. 18 - Given the particle size distributions of two...Ch. 18 - Given the particle size distributions of two...Ch. 18 - Given four different types of aggregates to be...Ch. 18 - Prob. 9P Ch. 18 - Prob. 10P

The process of distillation by which asphalt cement is produced from crude petroleum and the process of obtaining asphalt binders which is used to coat highly siliceous aggregates.

Concept explainers

To describe:

The process of distillation by which asphalt cement is produced from crude petroleum and the process of obtaining asphalt binders which is used to coat highly siliceous aggregates.

Explanation of Solution

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Chapter 18 Solutions

The process of distillation by which asphalt cement is produced from crude petroleum and the process of obtaining asphalt binders which is used to coat highly siliceous aggregates.

Concept explainers

To describe: The process of distillation by which asphalt cement is produced from crude petroleum and the process of obtaining asphalt binders which is used to coat highly siliceous aggregates.

Explanation of Solution

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Chapter 18 Solutions

To describe:

The process of distillation by which asphalt cement is produced from crude petroleum and the process of obtaining asphalt binders which is used to coat highly siliceous aggregates.