To compare: The etiology, pathophysiology, and manifestations of cystitis and pyelonephritis. Concept introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the inflammation of the urinary epithelium usually caused by the bacteria from gut flora. However, it can also be caused by other microorganisms or agents. Generally, UTI is mild and without complications until the individual is immunocompromised.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 1LO

Summary Introduction

To compare: The etiology, pathophysiology, and manifestations of cystitis and pyelonephritis.

Concept introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the inflammation of the urinary epithelium usually caused by the bacteria from gut flora. However, it can also be caused by other microorganisms or agents. Generally, UTI is mild and without complications until the individual is immunocompromised.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Cystitis is an inflammation of the urinary bladder. Pyelonephritis is an infection in one or both of the upper urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvis, and interstitium).

Tabular representation: Table 1 shows the comparison between the etiology, pathophysiology, manifestations of cystitis, and pyelonephritis below:

Table 1: The comparison between the cystitis and pyelonephritis

Features	Cystitis	Pyelonephritis
Etiology	It is caused due to Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the urinary tract.	It is caused due to E.coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas species in the urinary tract.
Pathophysiology	Bacterial infection leads to inflammation of urinary bladder.	Inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney tissues.
	Affects the lower urinary tract.	Affects the upper urinary tract.
	Infection causes formation of renal calculi and scar tissue.	Chronic infection causes fibrous tissue formation.
Clinical manifestations	Systemic signs include nausea, fever, malaise, and leukocytosis.	Systemic signs include fever, abdominal pain, chills, weight loss and reduced appetite.
	The infection causes bladder pain and abdominal pain.	The inflammation causes dull aching pain in the lower back or flank area.
	Dysuria (painful urination), urgency, nocturia (excessive urination during night), cloudy urine with unusual smell are common.	Burning or painful urination, cloudy urine with unusual odour, and frequent urination are common.
	Urinalysis shows pyuria, bacteriuria, and microscopic hematuria.	Urinalysis shows the results similar to cystitis excluding urinary casts, consisting of renal epithelial cells or leukocytes.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 1LO

Summary Introduction

To compare: The etiology, pathophysiology, and manifestations of cystitis and pyelonephritis.

Concept introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the inflammation of the urinary epithelium usually caused by the bacteria from gut flora. However, it can also be caused by other microorganisms or agents. Generally, UTI is mild and without complications until the individual is immunocompromised.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Cystitis is an inflammation of the urinary bladder. Pyelonephritis is an infection in one or both of the upper urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvis, and interstitium).

Tabular representation: Table 1 shows the comparison between the etiology, pathophysiology, manifestations of cystitis, and pyelonephritis below:

Table 1: The comparison between the cystitis and pyelonephritis

Features	Cystitis	Pyelonephritis
Etiology	It is caused due to Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the urinary tract.	It is caused due to E.coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas species in the urinary tract.
Pathophysiology	Bacterial infection leads to inflammation of urinary bladder.	Inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney tissues.
	Affects the lower urinary tract.	Affects the upper urinary tract.
	Infection causes formation of renal calculi and scar tissue.	Chronic infection causes fibrous tissue formation.
Clinical manifestations	Systemic signs include nausea, fever, malaise, and leukocytosis.	Systemic signs include fever, abdominal pain, chills, weight loss and reduced appetite.
	The infection causes bladder pain and abdominal pain.	The inflammation causes dull aching pain in the lower back or flank area.
	Dysuria (painful urination), urgency, nocturia (excessive urination during night), cloudy urine with unusual smell are common.	Burning or painful urination, cloudy urine with unusual odour, and frequent urination are common.
	Urinalysis shows pyuria, bacteriuria, and microscopic hematuria.	Urinalysis shows the results similar to cystitis excluding urinary casts, consisting of renal epithelial cells or leukocytes.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 1LO

Summary Introduction

To compare: The etiology, pathophysiology, and manifestations of cystitis and pyelonephritis.

Concept introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the inflammation of the urinary epithelium usually caused by the bacteria from gut flora. However, it can also be caused by other microorganisms or agents. Generally, UTI is mild and without complications until the individual is immunocompromised.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Cystitis is an inflammation of the urinary bladder. Pyelonephritis is an infection in one or both of the upper urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvis, and interstitium).

Tabular representation: Table 1 shows the comparison between the etiology, pathophysiology, manifestations of cystitis, and pyelonephritis below:

Table 1: The comparison between the cystitis and pyelonephritis

Features	Cystitis	Pyelonephritis
Etiology	It is caused due to Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the urinary tract.	It is caused due to E.coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas species in the urinary tract.
Pathophysiology	Bacterial infection leads to inflammation of urinary bladder.	Inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney tissues.
	Affects the lower urinary tract.	Affects the upper urinary tract.
	Infection causes formation of renal calculi and scar tissue.	Chronic infection causes fibrous tissue formation.
Clinical manifestations	Systemic signs include nausea, fever, malaise, and leukocytosis.	Systemic signs include fever, abdominal pain, chills, weight loss and reduced appetite.
	The infection causes bladder pain and abdominal pain.	The inflammation causes dull aching pain in the lower back or flank area.
	Dysuria (painful urination), urgency, nocturia (excessive urination during night), cloudy urine with unusual smell are common.	Burning or painful urination, cloudy urine with unusual odour, and frequent urination are common.
	Urinalysis shows pyuria, bacteriuria, and microscopic hematuria.	Urinalysis shows the results similar to cystitis excluding urinary casts, consisting of renal epithelial cells or leukocytes.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 1LO

Summary Introduction

To compare: The etiology, pathophysiology, and manifestations of cystitis and pyelonephritis.

Concept introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the inflammation of the urinary epithelium usually caused by the bacteria from gut flora. However, it can also be caused by other microorganisms or agents. Generally, UTI is mild and without complications until the individual is immunocompromised.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Cystitis is an inflammation of the urinary bladder. Pyelonephritis is an infection in one or both of the upper urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvis, and interstitium).

Tabular representation: Table 1 shows the comparison between the etiology, pathophysiology, manifestations of cystitis, and pyelonephritis below:

Table 1: The comparison between the cystitis and pyelonephritis

Features	Cystitis	Pyelonephritis
Etiology	It is caused due to Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the urinary tract.	It is caused due to E.coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas species in the urinary tract.
Pathophysiology	Bacterial infection leads to inflammation of urinary bladder.	Inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney tissues.
	Affects the lower urinary tract.	Affects the upper urinary tract.
	Infection causes formation of renal calculi and scar tissue.	Chronic infection causes fibrous tissue formation.
Clinical manifestations	Systemic signs include nausea, fever, malaise, and leukocytosis.	Systemic signs include fever, abdominal pain, chills, weight loss and reduced appetite.
	The infection causes bladder pain and abdominal pain.	The inflammation causes dull aching pain in the lower back or flank area.
	Dysuria (painful urination), urgency, nocturia (excessive urination during night), cloudy urine with unusual smell are common.	Burning or painful urination, cloudy urine with unusual odour, and frequent urination are common.
	Urinalysis shows pyuria, bacteriuria, and microscopic hematuria.	Urinalysis shows the results similar to cystitis excluding urinary casts, consisting of renal epithelial cells or leukocytes.

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Answer 5

Chapter 18, Problem 1LO

Summary Introduction

To compare: The etiology, pathophysiology, and manifestations of cystitis and pyelonephritis.

Concept introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the inflammation of the urinary epithelium usually caused by the bacteria from gut flora. However, it can also be caused by other microorganisms or agents. Generally, UTI is mild and without complications until the individual is immunocompromised.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Cystitis is an inflammation of the urinary bladder. Pyelonephritis is an infection in one or both of the upper urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvis, and interstitium).

Tabular representation: Table 1 shows the comparison between the etiology, pathophysiology, manifestations of cystitis, and pyelonephritis below:

Table 1: The comparison between the cystitis and pyelonephritis

Features	Cystitis	Pyelonephritis
Etiology	It is caused due to Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the urinary tract.	It is caused due to E.coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas species in the urinary tract.
Pathophysiology	Bacterial infection leads to inflammation of urinary bladder.	Inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney tissues.
	Affects the lower urinary tract.	Affects the upper urinary tract.
	Infection causes formation of renal calculi and scar tissue.	Chronic infection causes fibrous tissue formation.
Clinical manifestations	Systemic signs include nausea, fever, malaise, and leukocytosis.	Systemic signs include fever, abdominal pain, chills, weight loss and reduced appetite.
	The infection causes bladder pain and abdominal pain.	The inflammation causes dull aching pain in the lower back or flank area.
	Dysuria (painful urination), urgency, nocturia (excessive urination during night), cloudy urine with unusual smell are common.	Burning or painful urination, cloudy urine with unusual odour, and frequent urination are common.
	Urinalysis shows pyuria, bacteriuria, and microscopic hematuria.	Urinalysis shows the results similar to cystitis excluding urinary casts, consisting of renal epithelial cells or leukocytes.

Answer 6

Chapter 18, Problem 1LO

Summary Introduction

To compare: The etiology, pathophysiology, and manifestations of cystitis and pyelonephritis.

Concept introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the inflammation of the urinary epithelium usually caused by the bacteria from gut flora. However, it can also be caused by other microorganisms or agents. Generally, UTI is mild and without complications until the individual is immunocompromised.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Cystitis is an inflammation of the urinary bladder. Pyelonephritis is an infection in one or both of the upper urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvis, and interstitium).

Tabular representation: Table 1 shows the comparison between the etiology, pathophysiology, manifestations of cystitis, and pyelonephritis below:

Table 1: The comparison between the cystitis and pyelonephritis

Features	Cystitis	Pyelonephritis
Etiology	It is caused due to Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the urinary tract.	It is caused due to E.coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas species in the urinary tract.
Pathophysiology	Bacterial infection leads to inflammation of urinary bladder.	Inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney tissues.
	Affects the lower urinary tract.	Affects the upper urinary tract.
	Infection causes formation of renal calculi and scar tissue.	Chronic infection causes fibrous tissue formation.
Clinical manifestations	Systemic signs include nausea, fever, malaise, and leukocytosis.	Systemic signs include fever, abdominal pain, chills, weight loss and reduced appetite.
	The infection causes bladder pain and abdominal pain.	The inflammation causes dull aching pain in the lower back or flank area.
	Dysuria (painful urination), urgency, nocturia (excessive urination during night), cloudy urine with unusual smell are common.	Burning or painful urination, cloudy urine with unusual odour, and frequent urination are common.
	Urinalysis shows pyuria, bacteriuria, and microscopic hematuria.	Urinalysis shows the results similar to cystitis excluding urinary casts, consisting of renal epithelial cells or leukocytes.

Answer 7

Chapter 18, Problem 1LO

Summary Introduction

To compare: The etiology, pathophysiology, and manifestations of cystitis and pyelonephritis.

Concept introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the inflammation of the urinary epithelium usually caused by the bacteria from gut flora. However, it can also be caused by other microorganisms or agents. Generally, UTI is mild and without complications until the individual is immunocompromised.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Cystitis is an inflammation of the urinary bladder. Pyelonephritis is an infection in one or both of the upper urinary tracts (ureter, renal pelvis, and interstitium).

Tabular representation: Table 1 shows the comparison between the etiology, pathophysiology, manifestations of cystitis, and pyelonephritis below:

Table 1: The comparison between the cystitis and pyelonephritis

Features	Cystitis	Pyelonephritis
Etiology	It is caused due to Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the urinary tract.	It is caused due to E.coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas species in the urinary tract.
Pathophysiology	Bacterial infection leads to inflammation of urinary bladder.	Inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney tissues.
	Affects the lower urinary tract.	Affects the upper urinary tract.
	Infection causes formation of renal calculi and scar tissue.	Chronic infection causes fibrous tissue formation.
Clinical manifestations	Systemic signs include nausea, fever, malaise, and leukocytosis.	Systemic signs include fever, abdominal pain, chills, weight loss and reduced appetite.
	The infection causes bladder pain and abdominal pain.	The inflammation causes dull aching pain in the lower back or flank area.
	Dysuria (painful urination), urgency, nocturia (excessive urination during night), cloudy urine with unusual smell are common.	Burning or painful urination, cloudy urine with unusual odour, and frequent urination are common.
	Urinalysis shows pyuria, bacteriuria, and microscopic hematuria.	Urinalysis shows the results similar to cystitis excluding urinary casts, consisting of renal epithelial cells or leukocytes.