a) NaBH 4 Interpretation: The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with NaBH 4 ; then with H 3 O + . Concept introduction: Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH 4 . It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution. All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH 4 . Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1 0 alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH 4 , while ketones yield 2 0 alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH 4 reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C. Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1 0 alcohol. To give: The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with NaBH 4 ; then with H 3 O + .

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Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 17.SE, Problem 23VC

Interpretation Introduction

a) NaBH₄

Interpretation:

The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with NaBH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH₄. It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution.

All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH₄. Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1⁰ alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH₄, while ketones yield 2⁰ alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1⁰ alcohol.

To give:

The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with NaBH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Interpretation Introduction

b) LiAlH₄

Interpretation:

The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with LiAlH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH₄. It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution.

All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH₄. Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1⁰ alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH₄, while ketones yield 2⁰ alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1⁰ alcohol.

To give:

The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with LiAlH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Interpretation Introduction

c) 2 CH₃CH₂MgBr

Interpretation:

The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with 2 CH₃CH₂MgBr; then H₃O⁺.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH₄. It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution.

All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH₄. Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1⁰ alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH₄, while ketones yield 2⁰ alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1⁰ alcohol.

To give:

The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with 2 CH₃CH₂MgBr; then H₃O⁺.

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The table includes macrostates characterized by 4 energy levels (&) that are equally spaced but with different degrees of occupation. a) Calculate the energy of all the macrostates (in joules). See if they all have the same energy and number of particles. b) Calculate the macrostate that is most likely to exist. For this macrostate, show that the population of the levels is consistent with the Boltzmann distribution. macrostate 1 macrostate 2 macrostate 3 ε/k (K) Populations Populations Populations 300 5 3 4 200 7 9 8 100 15 17 16 0 33 31 32 DATO: k = 1,38×10-23 J K-1

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In an experiment, the viscosity of water was measured at different temperatures and the table was constructed from the data obtained. a) Calculate the activation energy of viscous flow (kJ/mol). b) Calculate the viscosity at 30°C. T/°C 0 20 40 60 80 η/cpoise 1,972 1,005 0,656 0,469 0,356

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 17.SE, Problem 23VC

Interpretation Introduction

a) NaBH₄

Interpretation:

The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with NaBH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH₄. It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution.

All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH₄. Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1⁰ alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH₄, while ketones yield 2⁰ alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1⁰ alcohol.

To give:

The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with NaBH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Interpretation Introduction

b) LiAlH₄

Interpretation:

The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with LiAlH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH₄. It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution.

All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH₄. Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1⁰ alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH₄, while ketones yield 2⁰ alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1⁰ alcohol.

To give:

The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with LiAlH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Interpretation Introduction

c) 2 CH₃CH₂MgBr

Interpretation:

The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with 2 CH₃CH₂MgBr; then H₃O⁺.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH₄. It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution.

All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH₄. Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1⁰ alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH₄, while ketones yield 2⁰ alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1⁰ alcohol.

To give:

The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with 2 CH₃CH₂MgBr; then H₃O⁺.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Check out a sample textbook solution

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 17.SE, Problem 23VC

Interpretation Introduction

a) NaBH₄

Interpretation:

The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with NaBH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH₄. It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution.

All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH₄. Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1⁰ alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH₄, while ketones yield 2⁰ alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1⁰ alcohol.

To give:

The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with NaBH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Interpretation Introduction

b) LiAlH₄

Interpretation:

The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with LiAlH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH₄. It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution.

All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH₄. Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1⁰ alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH₄, while ketones yield 2⁰ alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1⁰ alcohol.

To give:

The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with LiAlH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Interpretation Introduction

c) 2 CH₃CH₂MgBr

Interpretation:

The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with 2 CH₃CH₂MgBr; then H₃O⁺.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH₄. It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution.

All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH₄. Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1⁰ alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH₄, while ketones yield 2⁰ alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1⁰ alcohol.

To give:

The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with 2 CH₃CH₂MgBr; then H₃O⁺.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 17.SE, Problem 23VC

Interpretation Introduction

a) NaBH₄

Interpretation:

The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with NaBH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH₄. It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution.

All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH₄. Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1⁰ alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH₄, while ketones yield 2⁰ alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1⁰ alcohol.

To give:

The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with NaBH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Interpretation Introduction

b) LiAlH₄

Interpretation:

The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with LiAlH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH₄. It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution.

All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH₄. Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1⁰ alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH₄, while ketones yield 2⁰ alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1⁰ alcohol.

To give:

The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with LiAlH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Interpretation Introduction

c) 2 CH₃CH₂MgBr

Interpretation:

The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with 2 CH₃CH₂MgBr; then H₃O⁺.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH₄. It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution.

All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH₄. Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1⁰ alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH₄, while ketones yield 2⁰ alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1⁰ alcohol.

To give:

The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with 2 CH₃CH₂MgBr; then H₃O⁺.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 17.SE, Problem 23VC

Interpretation Introduction

a) NaBH₄

Interpretation:

The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with NaBH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH₄. It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution.

All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH₄. Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1⁰ alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH₄, while ketones yield 2⁰ alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1⁰ alcohol.

To give:

The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with NaBH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Interpretation Introduction

b) LiAlH₄

Interpretation:

The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with LiAlH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH₄. It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution.

All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH₄. Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1⁰ alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH₄, while ketones yield 2⁰ alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1⁰ alcohol.

To give:

The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with LiAlH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Interpretation Introduction

c) 2 CH₃CH₂MgBr

Interpretation:

The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with 2 CH₃CH₂MgBr; then H₃O⁺.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH₄. It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution.

All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH₄. Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1⁰ alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH₄, while ketones yield 2⁰ alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1⁰ alcohol.

To give:

The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with 2 CH₃CH₂MgBr; then H₃O⁺.

Answer 6

Chapter 17.SE, Problem 23VC

Interpretation Introduction

a) NaBH₄

Interpretation:

The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with NaBH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH₄. It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution.

All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH₄. Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1⁰ alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH₄, while ketones yield 2⁰ alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1⁰ alcohol.

To give:

The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with NaBH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Answer 7

Chapter 17.SE, Problem 23VC

Interpretation Introduction

a) NaBH₄

Interpretation:

The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with NaBH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH₄. It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution.

All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH₄. Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1⁰ alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH₄, while ketones yield 2⁰ alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1⁰ alcohol.

To give:

The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with NaBH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

b) LiAlH₄

Interpretation:

The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with LiAlH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH₄. It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution.

All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH₄. Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1⁰ alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH₄, while ketones yield 2⁰ alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1⁰ alcohol.

To give:

The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with LiAlH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

b) LiAlH₄

Interpretation:

The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with LiAlH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH₄. It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution.

All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH₄. Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1⁰ alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH₄, while ketones yield 2⁰ alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1⁰ alcohol.

To give:

The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with LiAlH₄; then with H₃O⁺.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

c) 2 CH₃CH₂MgBr

Interpretation:

The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with 2 CH₃CH₂MgBr; then H₃O⁺.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH₄. It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution.

All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH₄. Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1⁰ alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH₄, while ketones yield 2⁰ alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1⁰ alcohol.

To give:

The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with 2 CH₃CH₂MgBr; then H₃O⁺.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

c) 2 CH₃CH₂MgBr

Interpretation:

The product obtained when the compound shown is treated with 2 CH₃CH₂MgBr; then H₃O⁺.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols using NaBH₄. It reduces the esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. The reduction can be carried out in either water or alcohol solution.

All carbonyl compounds, including acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones are reduced by LiAlH₄. Acids, esters and aldehydes yield a 1⁰ alcohol upon reduction with LiAlH₄, while ketones yield 2⁰ alcohols. The reaction is carried out in ether solution as LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

Esters will react with two molar equivalents of ethylmagnesium bromide to yield a 1⁰ alcohol.

To give:

The products obtained when the compound shown is treated with 2 CH₃CH₂MgBr; then H₃O⁺.

Answer 12

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 13

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 17.1 - Give IUPAC names for the following compounds:Ch. 17.1 - Prob. 2P Ch. 17.2 - The following data for isomeric four-carbon...Ch. 17.2 - Rank the following substances in order of...Ch. 17.2 - Prob. 5P Ch. 17.3 - Prob. 6P Ch. 17.4 - What reagent would you use to accomplish each of...Ch. 17.4 - Prob. 8P Ch. 17.5 - Prob. 9P Ch. 17.5 - Prob. 10P

Solution Summary: The author explains that NaBH 4 reduces esters very slowly and does not reduce carboxylic acids. LiAlH 4 reacts violently with water and explodes when heated above 120°C.

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Chapter 17 Solutions