The Cosmic Perspective (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134059068
Author: Jeffrey O. Bennett, Megan O. Donahue, Nicholas Schneider, Mark Voit
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 17, Problem 9EAP
What will happen to Earth as the Sun changes in the future?
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The total Sun's energy output for every second can power Earth in modern time
hundreds of years
several hundreds of thousands years
about 50-100 years
millions of years
billions of years
The sun’s energy comes from nuclear reactions that fuse lighter nuclei into heavier ones, releasing energy in the process. The solar fusion process begins when two protons (the nuclei of hydrogen atoms) merge to produce a deuterium nucleus. Deuterium is the “heavy” isotope of hydrogen, with a nucleus consisting of a proton and a neutron. To become deuterium, one of the protons that fused has to turn into a neutron. Our interest for now lies not with the nuclear physics but with the conditions that allow fusion to occur. Before two protons can fuse, they must come into contact. However, the energy required to bring two protons into contact is considerable because the electric potential energy of the two protons increases rapidly as they approach each other. Fusion occurs in the core of the sun because the ultra-high temperature there gives the protons the kinetic energy they need to come together.
a. A proton…
The US had 264 billion barrels of oil in reserve at the end of 2019. Us annual energy consumption is 1.0 x 1020 joules and energy released by burning a liter of oil is 1.2 x 107 joules. How long can the US run on its reserves? Use the conversion 1 barrel = 159 liters.
Chapter 17 Solutions
The Cosmic Perspective (8th Edition)
Ch. 17 - Prob. 1VSCCh. 17 - Prob. 2VSCCh. 17 - Prob. 3VSCCh. 17 - Prob. 4VSCCh. 17 - Prob. 1EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 2EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 3EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 4EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 5EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 6EAP
Ch. 17 - Prob. 7EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 8EAPCh. 17 - What will happen to Earth as the Sun changes in...Ch. 17 - Prob. 10EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 11EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 12EAPCh. 17 - Why cant iron be fused to release energy?Ch. 17 - Prob. 14EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 15EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 16EAPCh. 17 - Does It Make Sense? Decide whether the statement...Ch. 17 - Does It Make Sense? Decide whether the statement...Ch. 17 - Prob. 19EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 20EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 21EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 22EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 23EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 24EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 25EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 26EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 27EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 28EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 29EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 30EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 31EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 32EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 33EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 34EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 35EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 36EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 37EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 38EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 39EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 40EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 41EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 42EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 43EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 44EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 45EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 46EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 47EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 48EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 49EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 50EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 51EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 52EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 53EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 54EAPCh. 17 - Prob. 55EAP
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- Hydrostatic Equilibrium replies on which of the following to happen? (choose all that apply) Internal pressure from fusion to push out. The outward pull of gravity from the Sun O Gravity to pull inwards. The fusion of Helium into Carbon The start of the CNO Cycle in stars.arrow_forwardGusts of the solar wind travel as fast as 1000 km/s. How many days would the solar wind take to reach Earth at this speed? (Note: The average distance to the Sun is 1.496 ✕ 108 km.)arrow_forwardWhere does 1000 in step 2 came from?arrow_forward
- Even if the Earth's orbit were circular, we would still have seasons. The reason is that the seasons are actually caused by the tidal influence of the Moon the Sun would still be off-center and our distance from it would still vary the Sun would still have an annual cycle of storms and sunspots the seasons are actually determined by the tilt of the Earth's axisarrow_forwardAssuming it were possible, how long would it take a car traveling at 60 miles per hour to leave the solar system?arrow_forwardNonearrow_forward
- The United States consumes about 2.5 3 1019 J of energy in all forms in a year. How many years could you run the United States on the energy released by the solar flarearrow_forwardi) Sun spots ______ Select one: Cause changes in the amount of back radiation that Earth emits Occur in a 100-year cycle were more numerous between AD 1645 and 1715 than they are today occur at times when solar emissions are stronger than normal all of the above ii) Which is true? Select one: the effect of large volcanic explosions is not detected by instrumental temperature records Strong El Ninos contributed to the long-term global warming trend Large volcanic explosions have caused short-term cooling, but had little effect on the long-term global warming trend the effect of large volcanic explosions has contributed to the long-term global warming trend iii) Which of the following statements about variations in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit is FALSE? Changes in eccentricity ONLY affect the distribution of insolation across the globe and NOT the total amount of radiation received by the Earth This cycle has a…arrow_forwardWhy does nuclear fusion require high temperatures?arrow_forward
- Uranium, an important component of both nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors, has two major isotopes—U-238, which has a half-life of approximately 4.5 billion years, and U-235, which has a half-life of approximately 700 million years. Both were present in equal amounts at the time of the creation of the Earth, 4.5 billion years ago. How many billion years after the creation of the Earth had the amount of radiation from uranium decayed to half the amount present at the time of the creation of the Earth? (Round your answer to the nearest hundredth of a billion years.)arrow_forwardWhy is infrared radiation emitted from earth A) the earth cannot absorb or emit infrared radiation B) the earth emits infrared radiation because of radioactive decay C) the earth can emit infrared radiation because it core D) the earth absorbs radiation from the sunarrow_forwardThrough nuclear fusion reaction, the Sun and stars produce energy. True or false?arrow_forward
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