1 Matter, Measurement, And Problem Solving 2 Atoms And Elements 3 Molecules, Compounds, And Chemical Equations 4 Chemical Quantities And Aqueous Reactions 5 Gases 6 Thermochemistry 7 The Quantum-Mechanical Model Of The Atom 8 Periodic Properties Of The Elements 9 Chemical Bonding I: The Lewis Model 10 Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Shapes, Valence Bond Theory, And Molecular Orbital Theory 11 Liquids, Solids, And Intermolecular Forces 12 Solids And Modern Materials 13 Solutions 14 Chemical Kinetics 15 Chemical Equilibrium 16 Acids And Bases 17 Aqueous Ionic Equilibrium 18 Free Energy And Thermodynamics 19 Electrochemistry 20 Radioactivity And Nuclear Chemistry 21 Organic Chemistry 22 Biochemistry 23 Chemistry Of The Nonmentals 24 Metals And Metallurgy 25 Transition Metals And Coordination Compounds expand_more
Chapter Questions expand_more
Problem 1SAQ Problem 2SAQ: Q2. What is the pH of a buffer that is 0.120 M in formic acid (HCHO2) and 0.080 M in potassium... Problem 3SAQ: Q3. A buffer with a pH of 9.85 contains CH3NH2 and CH3NH3Cl in water. What can you conclude about... Problem 4SAQ: Q4. A 500.0-mL buffer solution is 0.10 M in benzoic acid and 0.10 M in sodium benzoate and has an... Problem 5SAQ: Q5. Consider a buffer composed of the weak acid HA and its conjugate base A–. Which pair of... Problem 6SAQ: Q6. Which combination is the best choice to prepare a buffer with a pH of 9.0?
a) NH3; NH4Cl (pKb... Problem 7SAQ: Q7. A 25.0-mL sample of an unknown HBr solution is titrated with 0.100 M NaOH. The equivalence point... Problem 8SAQ: Q8. A 10.0-mL sample of 0.200 M hydrocyanic acid (HCN) is titrated with 0.0998 M NaOH. What is the... Problem 9SAQ: Q9. A 20.0-mL sample of 0.150 M ethylamine is titrated with 0.0981 M HCl. What is the pH after the... Problem 10SAQ: Q10. Three 15.0-mL acid samples—0.10 M HA, 0.10 M HB, and 0.10 M H2C—are all titrated with 0.100 M... Problem 11SAQ: Q11. A weak unknown monoprotic acid is titrated with a strong base. The titration curve is shown.... Problem 12SAQ: Q12. Calculate the molar solubility of lead(II) bromide (PbBr2). For lead(II) bromide, Ksp = 4.67 ×... Problem 13SAQ: Q13. Calculate the molar solubility of magnesium fluoride (MgF2) in a solution that is 0.250 M in... Problem 14SAQ: Q14. A solution is 0.025 M in Pb2 +. What minimum concentration of Cl– is required to begin to... Problem 15SAQ: Q15. Which compound is more soluble in an acidic solution than in a neutral solution?
a) PbBr2
b)... Problem 1E: 1. What is the pH range of human blood? How is human blood maintained in this pH range?
Problem 2E: 2. What is a buffer? How does a buffer work? How does it neutralize added acid? Added base?
Problem 3E: 3. What is the common ion effect?
Problem 4E: 4. What is the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, and why is it useful?
Problem 5E: 5. What is the pH of a buffer solution when the concentrations of both buffer components (the weak... Problem 6E: 6. Suppose that a buffer contains equal amounts of a weak acid and its conjugate base. What happens... Problem 7E: 7. How do you use the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation to calculate the pH of a buffer containing a... Problem 8E: 8. What factors influence the effectiveness of a buffer? What are the characteristics of an... Problem 9E: 9. What is the effective pH range of a buffer (relative to the pKa of the weak acid component)?
Problem 10E: 10. Describe acid–base titration. What is the equivalence point?
Problem 11E: 11. The pH at the equivalence point of the titration of a strong acid with a strong base is 7.0.... Problem 12E: 12. The volume required to reach the equivalence point of an acid–base titration depends on the... Problem 13E: 13. In the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, how do you calculate these quantities?
a.... Problem 14E: 14. In the titration of a weak acid with a strong base, how do you calculate these quantities?
a.... Problem 15E: 15. The titration of a polyprotic acid with sufficiently different pKas displays two equivalence... Problem 16E: 16. In the titration of a polyprotic acid, the volume required to reach the first equivalence point... Problem 17E: 17. What is the difference between the endpoint and the equivalence point in a titration?
Problem 18E: 18. What is an indicator? How can an indicator signal the equivalence point of a titration?
Problem 19E: 19. What is the solubility product constant? Write a general expression for the solubility constant... Problem 20E: 20. What is molar solubility? How can you obtain the molar solubility of a compound from Ksp?
Problem 21E: 21. How does a common ion affect the solubility of a compound? More specifically, how is the... Problem 22E: 22. How is the solubility of an ionic compound with a basic anion affected by pH? Explain.
Problem 23E: 23. For a given solution containing an ionic compound, what is the relationship between Q, Ksp, and... Problem 24E: 24. What is selective precipitation? Under which conditions does selective precipitation occur?
Problem 25E: 25. What is qualitative analysis? How does qualitative analysis differ from quantitative analysis?
Problem 26E: 26. What are the main groups in the general qualitative analysis scheme described in this chapter?... Problem 27E: 27. In which of these solutions will HNO2 ionize less than it does in pure water?
a. 0.10 M NaCl
b.... Problem 28E: 28. A formic acid solution has a pH of 3.25. Which of these substances will raise the pH of the... Problem 29E: 29. Solve an equilibrium problem (using an ICE table) to calculate the pH of each solution.
a. a... Problem 30E: 30. Solve an equilibrium problem (using an ICE table) to calculate the pH of each solution.
a. a... Problem 31E: 31. Calculate the percent ionization of a 0.15 M benzoic acid solution in pure water and in a... Problem 32E: 32. Calculate the percent ionization of a 0.13 M formic acid solution in pure water and also in a... Problem 33E: 33. Solve an equilibrium problem (using an ICE table) to calculate the pH of each solution.
a. 0.15... Problem 34E: 34. Solve an equilibrium problem (using an ICE table) to calculate the pH of each solution.
a. 0.18... Problem 35E: 35. A buffer contains significant amounts of acetic acid and sodium acetate. Write equations showing... Problem 36E: 36. A buffer contains significant amounts of ammonia and ammonium chloride. Write equations showing... Problem 37E Problem 38E Problem 39E: 39. Use the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation to calculate the pH of each solution.
a. a solution that... Problem 40E: 40. Use the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation to calculate the pH of each solution.
a. a solution that... Problem 41E: 41. Calculate the pH of the solution that results from each mixture.
a. 50.0 mL of 0.15 M HCHO2 with... Problem 42E: 42. Calculate the pH of the solution that results from each mixture.
a. 150.0 mL of 0.25 M HF with... Problem 43E: 43. Calculate the ratio of NaF to HF required to create a buffer with pH = 4.00.
Problem 44E: 44. Calculate the ratio of CH3NH2 to CH3NH3Cl concentration required to create a buffer with pH =... Problem 45E Problem 46E: 46. What mass of ammonium chloride should you add to 2.55 L of a 0.155 M NH3 to obtain a buffer with... Problem 47E: 47. A 250.0-mL buffer solution is 0.250 M in acetic acid and 0.250 M in sodium acetate.
a. What is... Problem 48E: 48. A 100.0-mL buffer solution is 0.175 M in HClO and 0.150 M in NaClO.
a. What is the initial pH of... Problem 49E Problem 50E: 50. For each solution, calculate the initial and final pH after adding 0.010 mol of NaOH.
a. 250.0... Problem 51E Problem 52E: 52. A 100.0-mL buffer solution is 0.100 M in NH3 and 0.125 M in NH4Br. What mass of HCl can this... Problem 53E: 53. Determine whether or not the mixing of each pair of solutions results in a buffer.
a. 100.0 mL... Problem 54E: 54. Determine whether or not the mixing of each pair of solutions results in a buffer.
a. 75.0 mL of... Problem 55E: 55. Blood is buffered by carbonic acid and the bicarbonate ion. Normal blood plasma is 0.024 M in... Problem 56E: 56. The fluids within cells are buffered by H2PO4– and HPO42–.
a. Calculate the ratio of HPO42– to... Problem 57E: 57. Which buffer system is the best choice to create a buffer with pH = 7.20? For the best system,... Problem 58E Problem 59E: 59. A 500.0-mL buffer solution is 0.100 M in HNO2 and 0.150 M in KNO2. Determine if each addition... Problem 60E Problem 61E Problem 62E: 62. Two 25.0-mL samples, one 0.100 M HCl and the other 0.100 M HF, are titrated with 0.200 M KOH.
a.... Problem 63E: 63. Two 20.0-mL samples, one 0.200 M KOH and the other 0.200 M CH3NH2, are titrated with 0.100 M... Problem 64E: 64. The graphs labeled (a) and (b) show the titration curves for two equal-volume samples of bases,... Problem 65E: 65. Consider the curve shown here for the titration of a weak monoprotic acid with a strong base and... Problem 66E: 66. Consider the curve shown here for the titration of a weak base with a strong acid and answer... Problem 67E: 67. Consider the titration of a 35.0-mL sample of 0.175 M HBr with 0.200 M KOH. Determine each... Problem 68E Problem 69E: 69. Consider the titration of a 25.0-mL sample of 0.115 M RbOH with 0.100 M HCl. Determine each... Problem 70E Problem 71E: 71. Consider the titration of a 20.0-mL sample of 0.105 M HC2H3O2 with 0.125 M NaOH. Determine each... Problem 72E Problem 73E Problem 74E Problem 75E Problem 76E Problem 77E Problem 78E: 78. A 0.446-g sample of an unknown monoprotic acid is titrated with 0.105 M KOH. The resulting... Problem 79E Problem 80E Problem 81E Problem 82E Problem 83E Problem 84E: 84. Referring to Table 17.1, pick an indicator for use in the titration of each base with a strong... Problem 85E Problem 86E Problem 87E: 87. Refer to the Ksp values in Table 17.2 to calculate the molar solubility of each compound in pure... Problem 88E: 88. Refer to the Ksp values in Table 17.2 to calculate the molar solubility of each compound in pure... Problem 89E: 89. Use the given molar solubilities in pure water to calculate Ksp for each compound.
a. MX; molar... Problem 90E Problem 91E Problem 92E Problem 93E: 93. Refer to the Ksp value from Table 17.2 to calculate the solubility of iron(II) hydroxide in pure... Problem 94E Problem 95E: 95. Calculate the molar solubility of barium fluoride in each liquid or solution.
a. pure water
b.... Problem 96E Problem 97E Problem 98E Problem 99E Problem 100E Problem 101E Problem 102E Problem 103E Problem 104E Problem 105E Problem 106E Problem 107E Problem 108E Problem 109E Problem 110E Problem 111E Problem 112E Problem 113E: 113. A 150.0-mL solution contains 2.05 g of sodium benzoate and 2.47 g of benzoic acid. Calculate... Problem 114E Problem 115E Problem 116E Problem 117E Problem 118E: 118. A 250.0-mL buffer solution initially contains 0.025 mol of HCHO2 and 0.025 mol of NaCHO2. In... Problem 119E: 119. In analytical chemistry, bases used for titrations must often be standardized; that is, their... Problem 120E Problem 121E Problem 122E Problem 123E Problem 124E Problem 125E Problem 126E Problem 127E Problem 128E Problem 129E Problem 130E Problem 131E: 131. The Kb of hydroxylamine, NH2OH, is 1.10 × 10–8. A buffer solution is prepared by mixing 100.0... Problem 132E: 132. A 0.867-g sample of an unknown acid requires 32.2 mL of a 0.182 M barium hydroxide solution for... Problem 133E Problem 134E Problem 135E: 135. What relative masses of dimethyl amine and dimethyl ammonium chloride do you need to prepare a... Problem 136E Problem 137E Problem 138E Problem 139E: 139. Since soap and detergent action is hindered by hard water, laundry formulations usually include... Problem 140E: 140. A 0.558-g sample of a diprotic acid with a molar mass of 255.8 g/mol is dissolved in water to a... Problem 141E: 141. When excess solid Mg(OH)2 is shaken with 1.00 L of 1.0 M NH4Cl solution, the resulting... Problem 142E Problem 143E Problem 144E Problem 145E Problem 146E Problem 147E Problem 148E: 148. What amount of HCl gas must be added to 1.00 L of a buffer solution that contains [acetic acid]... Problem 149E: 149. Without doing any calculations, determine if pH = pKa, pH > pKa, or pH < pKa. Assume that HA is... Problem 150E: 150. A buffer contains 0.10 mol of a weak acid and 0.20 mol of its conjugate base in 1.0 L of... Problem 151E Problem 152E Problem 153E Problem 154E Problem 155QGW Problem 156QGW Problem 157QGW Problem 158QGW: 158. A certain town gets its water from an underground aquifer that contains water in equilibrium... Problem 159QGW Problem 160DIA: Buffers and Hydroponics
160. Hydroponics is a method for growing plants in water with added... format_list_bulleted