Sleep is defined as a partial state of natural unconsciousness in humans. It can be categorized on the basis of the pattern of the brain waves and the activity of the neurons involved. The two types of sleep patterns observed in human beings are rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), which is based on the mobility of the eye and muscular activity of the body.

Question

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 17, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Sleep is defined as a partial state of natural unconsciousness in humans. It can be categorized on the basis of the pattern of the brain waves and the activity of the neurons involved. The two types of sleep patterns observed in human beings are rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), which is based on the mobility of the eye and muscular activity of the body.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1RQ

Correct answer:

REM sleep.

Explanation of Solution

Justification/ Explanation for the correct answer:

Option (e) is, ‘REM sleep.’ Paradox sleep is also known as REM sleep. The REM sleep pattern is observed by studying the electrical activity of the brain using electroencephalogram (EEG). The EEG reveals that the pattern of the brain waves in REM sleep is similar to the awakened state. Irregular diaphragm activity, breathing rate, and heart rate are observed in this type of sleep. The skeletal muscles activity is greatly reduced, thus a sense of paralysis is felt by the sleeper. Hence, option (e) is correct.

Explanation for the incorrect answer:

Option (a) is, ‘stage N1 non-REM sleep.’ The stage N1 non-REM sleep pattern shows that the muscular activity is decreased, slow rolling eye movement is observed, the heart rate is reduced, and the respiratory pattern is regular. This stage is the lightest stage of sleep and the skeletal muscle activity is not reduced by much extent, thus sleep paralysis does not occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (b) is, ‘stage N2 non-REM sleep.’ The stage N2 non-REM sleep is also a form of light sleep in which major metabolic activities are reduced. The brain metabolic activities are also lower as compared to REM sleep, thus the sleeper is not in the stage of consciousness and sleep paradox cannot occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (c) is, ‘stage N3 non-REM sleep.’ The stage N3 non-REM sleep is also known as deep sleep. It is the stage of least consciousness in humans as the brain activity and the muscular

movement are severely reduced in this stage. Although the skeletal muscle activity is reduced severely, the sleeper does not feel sleep paralysis as the self-awareness level is low. Thus, sleep paradox cannot occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (d) is, ‘stage W (wake).’ The stage W has a similar EEG pattern to the REM sleep, although the movement of eyes in this type stage is much lower and the activity of the brain is similar to REM. The individual is partially conscious and alert of its external stimuli and the skeletal muscle activity is moderate. Thus, sleep paradox cannot occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Hence, options (b), (c), and (d) are incorrect.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that sleep paradox is a state of partial consciousness where the sleep is aware of its surroundings but is unable to perform any physical movements. This occurs during the REM stage of sleep due to high brain activity but a reduced muscular activity, which leads to a feeling of paralysis as the sleeper transits from sleep to wake form.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Students have asked these similar questions

The diagram below illustrates a quorum sensing pathway from Staphylococcus aureus. Please answer the following questions. 1. Autoinduction is part of the quorum sensing system. Which promoter (P2 or P3) is critical for autoinduction? 2)This staphylococcus aureus grows on human wounds, causing severe infections. You would like to start a clinical trial to treat these wound infections. Please describe: a) What molecule do you recommend for the trial. Why? b) Your trial requires that Staphylococcus aureus be isolated from the wound and submitted to genome sequencing before admittance. Why? What are you testing for? 3) If a mutation arises where the Promoter P3 is constitutively active, how would that influence sensitivity to AIP? Please explain your rationale. 4) This pathway is sensitive to bacterial cell density. Describe two separate mutation that would render the pathway active independent of cell density. Briefly explain your rationale. Mutation 1 Mutation 2

There is currently a H5N1 cattle outbreak in North America. According to the CDC on Feb 26*: "A multistate outbreak of HPAI A(H5N1) bird flu in dairy cows was first reported on March 25, 2024. This is the first time that these bird flu viruses had been found in cows. In the United States, since 2022, USDA has reported HPAI A(H5N1) virus detections in more than 200 mammals." List and describe two mechanisms that could lead to this H5N1 influenza strain evolving to spread in human: Mechanisms 1: Mechanisms 2: For the mutations to results in a human epidered they would need to change how the virus interacts with the human host. In the case of mutations that may promote an epidemic, provide an example for: a protein that might incur a mutation: how the mutation would change interactions with cells in the respiratory tract (name the receptor on human cells) List two phenotypic consequence from this mutation that would increase human risk

You have a bacterial strain with the CMU operon: a) As shown in the image below, the cmu operon encodes a peptide (Pep1), as well as a kinase and regulator corresponding to a two-component system. The cmu operon is activated when Pep 1 is added to the growth media. Pep1 is a peptide that when added extracellularly leads to activation of the Cmu operon. Pep1 cmu-kinase cmu-regulator You also have these genetic components in other strains: b) An alternative sigma factor, with a promoter activated by the cmu-regulator, that control a series of multiple operons that together encode a transformasome (cellular machinery for transformation). c) the gene cl (a repressor). d) the promoter X, which includes a cl binding site (and in the absence of cl is active). e) the gene gp (encoding a green fluorescence protein). Using the cmu operon as a starting point, and assuming you can perform cloning to rearrange any of these genomic features, how would you use one or more of these to modify the…

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 17, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Sleep is defined as a partial state of natural unconsciousness in humans. It can be categorized on the basis of the pattern of the brain waves and the activity of the neurons involved. The two types of sleep patterns observed in human beings are rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), which is based on the mobility of the eye and muscular activity of the body.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1RQ

Correct answer:

REM sleep.

Explanation of Solution

Justification/ Explanation for the correct answer:

Option (e) is, ‘REM sleep.’ Paradox sleep is also known as REM sleep. The REM sleep pattern is observed by studying the electrical activity of the brain using electroencephalogram (EEG). The EEG reveals that the pattern of the brain waves in REM sleep is similar to the awakened state. Irregular diaphragm activity, breathing rate, and heart rate are observed in this type of sleep. The skeletal muscles activity is greatly reduced, thus a sense of paralysis is felt by the sleeper. Hence, option (e) is correct.

Explanation for the incorrect answer:

Option (a) is, ‘stage N1 non-REM sleep.’ The stage N1 non-REM sleep pattern shows that the muscular activity is decreased, slow rolling eye movement is observed, the heart rate is reduced, and the respiratory pattern is regular. This stage is the lightest stage of sleep and the skeletal muscle activity is not reduced by much extent, thus sleep paralysis does not occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (b) is, ‘stage N2 non-REM sleep.’ The stage N2 non-REM sleep is also a form of light sleep in which major metabolic activities are reduced. The brain metabolic activities are also lower as compared to REM sleep, thus the sleeper is not in the stage of consciousness and sleep paradox cannot occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (c) is, ‘stage N3 non-REM sleep.’ The stage N3 non-REM sleep is also known as deep sleep. It is the stage of least consciousness in humans as the brain activity and the muscular

movement are severely reduced in this stage. Although the skeletal muscle activity is reduced severely, the sleeper does not feel sleep paralysis as the self-awareness level is low. Thus, sleep paradox cannot occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (d) is, ‘stage W (wake).’ The stage W has a similar EEG pattern to the REM sleep, although the movement of eyes in this type stage is much lower and the activity of the brain is similar to REM. The individual is partially conscious and alert of its external stimuli and the skeletal muscle activity is moderate. Thus, sleep paradox cannot occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Hence, options (b), (c), and (d) are incorrect.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that sleep paradox is a state of partial consciousness where the sleep is aware of its surroundings but is unable to perform any physical movements. This occurs during the REM stage of sleep due to high brain activity but a reduced muscular activity, which leads to a feeling of paralysis as the sleeper transits from sleep to wake form.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 17, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Sleep is defined as a partial state of natural unconsciousness in humans. It can be categorized on the basis of the pattern of the brain waves and the activity of the neurons involved. The two types of sleep patterns observed in human beings are rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), which is based on the mobility of the eye and muscular activity of the body.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1RQ

Correct answer:

REM sleep.

Explanation of Solution

Justification/ Explanation for the correct answer:

Option (e) is, ‘REM sleep.’ Paradox sleep is also known as REM sleep. The REM sleep pattern is observed by studying the electrical activity of the brain using electroencephalogram (EEG). The EEG reveals that the pattern of the brain waves in REM sleep is similar to the awakened state. Irregular diaphragm activity, breathing rate, and heart rate are observed in this type of sleep. The skeletal muscles activity is greatly reduced, thus a sense of paralysis is felt by the sleeper. Hence, option (e) is correct.

Explanation for the incorrect answer:

Option (a) is, ‘stage N1 non-REM sleep.’ The stage N1 non-REM sleep pattern shows that the muscular activity is decreased, slow rolling eye movement is observed, the heart rate is reduced, and the respiratory pattern is regular. This stage is the lightest stage of sleep and the skeletal muscle activity is not reduced by much extent, thus sleep paralysis does not occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (b) is, ‘stage N2 non-REM sleep.’ The stage N2 non-REM sleep is also a form of light sleep in which major metabolic activities are reduced. The brain metabolic activities are also lower as compared to REM sleep, thus the sleeper is not in the stage of consciousness and sleep paradox cannot occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (c) is, ‘stage N3 non-REM sleep.’ The stage N3 non-REM sleep is also known as deep sleep. It is the stage of least consciousness in humans as the brain activity and the muscular

movement are severely reduced in this stage. Although the skeletal muscle activity is reduced severely, the sleeper does not feel sleep paralysis as the self-awareness level is low. Thus, sleep paradox cannot occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (d) is, ‘stage W (wake).’ The stage W has a similar EEG pattern to the REM sleep, although the movement of eyes in this type stage is much lower and the activity of the brain is similar to REM. The individual is partially conscious and alert of its external stimuli and the skeletal muscle activity is moderate. Thus, sleep paradox cannot occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Hence, options (b), (c), and (d) are incorrect.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that sleep paradox is a state of partial consciousness where the sleep is aware of its surroundings but is unable to perform any physical movements. This occurs during the REM stage of sleep due to high brain activity but a reduced muscular activity, which leads to a feeling of paralysis as the sleeper transits from sleep to wake form.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 17, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Sleep is defined as a partial state of natural unconsciousness in humans. It can be categorized on the basis of the pattern of the brain waves and the activity of the neurons involved. The two types of sleep patterns observed in human beings are rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), which is based on the mobility of the eye and muscular activity of the body.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1RQ

Correct answer:

REM sleep.

Explanation of Solution

Justification/ Explanation for the correct answer:

Option (e) is, ‘REM sleep.’ Paradox sleep is also known as REM sleep. The REM sleep pattern is observed by studying the electrical activity of the brain using electroencephalogram (EEG). The EEG reveals that the pattern of the brain waves in REM sleep is similar to the awakened state. Irregular diaphragm activity, breathing rate, and heart rate are observed in this type of sleep. The skeletal muscles activity is greatly reduced, thus a sense of paralysis is felt by the sleeper. Hence, option (e) is correct.

Explanation for the incorrect answer:

Option (a) is, ‘stage N1 non-REM sleep.’ The stage N1 non-REM sleep pattern shows that the muscular activity is decreased, slow rolling eye movement is observed, the heart rate is reduced, and the respiratory pattern is regular. This stage is the lightest stage of sleep and the skeletal muscle activity is not reduced by much extent, thus sleep paralysis does not occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (b) is, ‘stage N2 non-REM sleep.’ The stage N2 non-REM sleep is also a form of light sleep in which major metabolic activities are reduced. The brain metabolic activities are also lower as compared to REM sleep, thus the sleeper is not in the stage of consciousness and sleep paradox cannot occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (c) is, ‘stage N3 non-REM sleep.’ The stage N3 non-REM sleep is also known as deep sleep. It is the stage of least consciousness in humans as the brain activity and the muscular

movement are severely reduced in this stage. Although the skeletal muscle activity is reduced severely, the sleeper does not feel sleep paralysis as the self-awareness level is low. Thus, sleep paradox cannot occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (d) is, ‘stage W (wake).’ The stage W has a similar EEG pattern to the REM sleep, although the movement of eyes in this type stage is much lower and the activity of the brain is similar to REM. The individual is partially conscious and alert of its external stimuli and the skeletal muscle activity is moderate. Thus, sleep paradox cannot occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Hence, options (b), (c), and (d) are incorrect.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that sleep paradox is a state of partial consciousness where the sleep is aware of its surroundings but is unable to perform any physical movements. This occurs during the REM stage of sleep due to high brain activity but a reduced muscular activity, which leads to a feeling of paralysis as the sleeper transits from sleep to wake form.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 17, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Sleep is defined as a partial state of natural unconsciousness in humans. It can be categorized on the basis of the pattern of the brain waves and the activity of the neurons involved. The two types of sleep patterns observed in human beings are rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), which is based on the mobility of the eye and muscular activity of the body.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1RQ

Correct answer:

REM sleep.

Explanation of Solution

Justification/ Explanation for the correct answer:

Option (e) is, ‘REM sleep.’ Paradox sleep is also known as REM sleep. The REM sleep pattern is observed by studying the electrical activity of the brain using electroencephalogram (EEG). The EEG reveals that the pattern of the brain waves in REM sleep is similar to the awakened state. Irregular diaphragm activity, breathing rate, and heart rate are observed in this type of sleep. The skeletal muscles activity is greatly reduced, thus a sense of paralysis is felt by the sleeper. Hence, option (e) is correct.

Explanation for the incorrect answer:

Option (a) is, ‘stage N1 non-REM sleep.’ The stage N1 non-REM sleep pattern shows that the muscular activity is decreased, slow rolling eye movement is observed, the heart rate is reduced, and the respiratory pattern is regular. This stage is the lightest stage of sleep and the skeletal muscle activity is not reduced by much extent, thus sleep paralysis does not occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (b) is, ‘stage N2 non-REM sleep.’ The stage N2 non-REM sleep is also a form of light sleep in which major metabolic activities are reduced. The brain metabolic activities are also lower as compared to REM sleep, thus the sleeper is not in the stage of consciousness and sleep paradox cannot occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (c) is, ‘stage N3 non-REM sleep.’ The stage N3 non-REM sleep is also known as deep sleep. It is the stage of least consciousness in humans as the brain activity and the muscular

movement are severely reduced in this stage. Although the skeletal muscle activity is reduced severely, the sleeper does not feel sleep paralysis as the self-awareness level is low. Thus, sleep paradox cannot occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (d) is, ‘stage W (wake).’ The stage W has a similar EEG pattern to the REM sleep, although the movement of eyes in this type stage is much lower and the activity of the brain is similar to REM. The individual is partially conscious and alert of its external stimuli and the skeletal muscle activity is moderate. Thus, sleep paradox cannot occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Hence, options (b), (c), and (d) are incorrect.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that sleep paradox is a state of partial consciousness where the sleep is aware of its surroundings but is unable to perform any physical movements. This occurs during the REM stage of sleep due to high brain activity but a reduced muscular activity, which leads to a feeling of paralysis as the sleeper transits from sleep to wake form.

Answer 6

Chapter 17, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Sleep is defined as a partial state of natural unconsciousness in humans. It can be categorized on the basis of the pattern of the brain waves and the activity of the neurons involved. The two types of sleep patterns observed in human beings are rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), which is based on the mobility of the eye and muscular activity of the body.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1RQ

Correct answer:

REM sleep.

Explanation of Solution

Justification/ Explanation for the correct answer:

Option (e) is, ‘REM sleep.’ Paradox sleep is also known as REM sleep. The REM sleep pattern is observed by studying the electrical activity of the brain using electroencephalogram (EEG). The EEG reveals that the pattern of the brain waves in REM sleep is similar to the awakened state. Irregular diaphragm activity, breathing rate, and heart rate are observed in this type of sleep. The skeletal muscles activity is greatly reduced, thus a sense of paralysis is felt by the sleeper. Hence, option (e) is correct.

Explanation for the incorrect answer:

Option (a) is, ‘stage N1 non-REM sleep.’ The stage N1 non-REM sleep pattern shows that the muscular activity is decreased, slow rolling eye movement is observed, the heart rate is reduced, and the respiratory pattern is regular. This stage is the lightest stage of sleep and the skeletal muscle activity is not reduced by much extent, thus sleep paralysis does not occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (b) is, ‘stage N2 non-REM sleep.’ The stage N2 non-REM sleep is also a form of light sleep in which major metabolic activities are reduced. The brain metabolic activities are also lower as compared to REM sleep, thus the sleeper is not in the stage of consciousness and sleep paradox cannot occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (c) is, ‘stage N3 non-REM sleep.’ The stage N3 non-REM sleep is also known as deep sleep. It is the stage of least consciousness in humans as the brain activity and the muscular

movement are severely reduced in this stage. Although the skeletal muscle activity is reduced severely, the sleeper does not feel sleep paralysis as the self-awareness level is low. Thus, sleep paradox cannot occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (d) is, ‘stage W (wake).’ The stage W has a similar EEG pattern to the REM sleep, although the movement of eyes in this type stage is much lower and the activity of the brain is similar to REM. The individual is partially conscious and alert of its external stimuli and the skeletal muscle activity is moderate. Thus, sleep paradox cannot occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Hence, options (b), (c), and (d) are incorrect.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that sleep paradox is a state of partial consciousness where the sleep is aware of its surroundings but is unable to perform any physical movements. This occurs during the REM stage of sleep due to high brain activity but a reduced muscular activity, which leads to a feeling of paralysis as the sleeper transits from sleep to wake form.

Answer 7

Chapter 17, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

Sleep is defined as a partial state of natural unconsciousness in humans. It can be categorized on the basis of the pattern of the brain waves and the activity of the neurons involved. The two types of sleep patterns observed in human beings are rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), which is based on the mobility of the eye and muscular activity of the body.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1RQ

Correct answer:

REM sleep.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Explanation of Solution

Justification/ Explanation for the correct answer:

Option (e) is, ‘REM sleep.’ Paradox sleep is also known as REM sleep. The REM sleep pattern is observed by studying the electrical activity of the brain using electroencephalogram (EEG). The EEG reveals that the pattern of the brain waves in REM sleep is similar to the awakened state. Irregular diaphragm activity, breathing rate, and heart rate are observed in this type of sleep. The skeletal muscles activity is greatly reduced, thus a sense of paralysis is felt by the sleeper. Hence, option (e) is correct.

Explanation for the incorrect answer:

Option (a) is, ‘stage N1 non-REM sleep.’ The stage N1 non-REM sleep pattern shows that the muscular activity is decreased, slow rolling eye movement is observed, the heart rate is reduced, and the respiratory pattern is regular. This stage is the lightest stage of sleep and the skeletal muscle activity is not reduced by much extent, thus sleep paralysis does not occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (b) is, ‘stage N2 non-REM sleep.’ The stage N2 non-REM sleep is also a form of light sleep in which major metabolic activities are reduced. The brain metabolic activities are also lower as compared to REM sleep, thus the sleeper is not in the stage of consciousness and sleep paradox cannot occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (c) is, ‘stage N3 non-REM sleep.’ The stage N3 non-REM sleep is also known as deep sleep. It is the stage of least consciousness in humans as the brain activity and the muscular

movement are severely reduced in this stage. Although the skeletal muscle activity is reduced severely, the sleeper does not feel sleep paralysis as the self-awareness level is low. Thus, sleep paradox cannot occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Option (d) is, ‘stage W (wake).’ The stage W has a similar EEG pattern to the REM sleep, although the movement of eyes in this type stage is much lower and the activity of the brain is similar to REM. The individual is partially conscious and alert of its external stimuli and the skeletal muscle activity is moderate. Thus, sleep paradox cannot occur. So, it is an incorrect option.

Hence, options (b), (c), and (d) are incorrect.

Answer 12

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that sleep paradox is a state of partial consciousness where the sleep is aware of its surroundings but is unable to perform any physical movements. This occurs during the REM stage of sleep due to high brain activity but a reduced muscular activity, which leads to a feeling of paralysis as the sleeper transits from sleep to wake form.

Answer 13

Ch. 17 - Prob. 1RQ Ch. 17 - Prob. 2RQ Ch. 17 - Prob. 3RQ Ch. 17 - Prob. 4RQ Ch. 17 - Prob. 5RQ Ch. 17 - Prob. 6RQ Ch. 17 - Prob. 7RQ Ch. 17 - Prob. 8RQ Ch. 17 - 9. Vertex shape waves often appear toward the end...Ch. 17 - Delta waves are associated with which of the...

Concept explainers

Videos

Answer to Problem 1RQ

Explanation of Solution

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Chapter 17 Solutions