Consider the reaction
Given that ΔG° for the reaction at 25°C is 173.4 kJ/mol, (a) calculate the standard free energy of formation of NO, and (b) calculate KP of the reaction. (c) One of the starting substances in smog formation is NO. Assuming that the temperature in a running automobile engine is 1100°C, estimate KP for the above reaction. (d) As farmers know, lightning helps to produce a better crop. Why?
(a)
Interpretation:
The standard free energy
Concept Introduction:
Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. In non-spontaneous reaction there is an increase of free energy in the system.
Free energy
Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter
Explanation of Solution
The equilibrium constant is related to the to the standard free energy change by the given equation (1).
(b)
Interpretation:
The equilibrium constant
Concept Introduction:
Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter
Where,
The calculate the standard free
Explanation of Solution
First calculate the equilibrium constant (
Given
(c)
Interpretation:
The nitric oxide starting formation has to determine.
Concept Introduction:
Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. The equation given below helps us to calculate the change in free energy in a system.
Where,
Explanation of Solution
We calculate the enthalpy changes for given reaction
(d)
Interpretation:
The lighting helps to produce a better crop, the reason behind this has to explained.
Concept Introduction:
Thermodynamics is the branch of science that relates heat and energy in a system. The four laws of thermodynamics explain the fundamental quantities such as temperature, energy and randomness in a system. Entropy is the measure of randomness in a system. For a spontaneous process there is always a positive change in entropy. Free energy (Gibbs free energy) is the term that is used to explain the total energy content in a thermodynamic system that can be converted into work. The free energy is represented by the letter G. All spontaneous process is associated with the decrease of free energy in the system. In non-spontaneous reaction there is an increase of free energy in the system.
Non-spontaneous reaction: This type of reaction explain as, endergonic reaction (mean by heat absorption non-spontaneous process) or unfavourable reaction in a chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is positive and energy is absorbed.
Explanation of Solution
The lighting promotes the formation of
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 17 Solutions
Connect for Chemistry
- 7. Assign all of the protons on the spectrum below. A B 2 C E 2 1 3 6 4 3 2 1 0arrow_forwarde. If (3R,4R)-3,4-dichloro-2,5-dimethylhexane and (3R,4S)-3,4-dichloro-2,5-dimethylhexane are in a solution at the same concentration, would this solution be expected to rotate plane polarized light (that is, be optically active)? Please provide your reasoning for your answer. [If you read this problem carefully, you will not need to draw out the structures to arrive at your answer...]arrow_forward1. How many neighbors does the proton that produces the multiplet below have? 2. 3. اللـ Draw a partial structure from the multiplet below. (The integration of the multiplet is 6) M Using the additivity constants found in appendix G of your lab manual, calculate the approximate chemical shifts of the protons indicated below. (Show your work!!!) B A Br SHarrow_forward
- 1) Suppose 0.1 kg ice at 0°C (273K) is in 0.5kg water at 20°C (293K). What is the change in entropy of the ice as it melts at 0°? To produce the original "water gas" mixture, carbon (in a combustible form known as coke) is reacted with steam: 131.4 kJ + H20(g) + C(s) → CO(g) + H2(g) From this information and the equations in the previous problem, calculate the enthalpy for the combustion or carbon to form carbon dioxide. kindly show me how to solve this long problem. Thanksarrow_forward4. An 'H-NMR of a compound is acquired. The integration for signal A is 5692 and the integration for signal B is 25614. What is the simplest whole number ratio of protons for signals A and B? (Show your work!!!) 5. Assign the carbons in the NMR below as either carbonyl, aromatic, or alkyl. 200 150 100 50 ō (ppm) 1arrow_forwardSpeaking of composite materials, indicate the correct option:(A). Composite materials can only be: metal-polymer or polymer-polymer.(B). Composite materials can be made up of particles, but not fibers or sheets.(C). When the reinforcing particles are uniformly distributed in a composite material, there may be a greater tendency for it to have isotropic properties.(D). None of the above is correct.arrow_forward
- If we are talking about viscoelastic modulus or viscoelastic relaxation modulus in polymers, indicate the correct option.(A). It reports the variation of elastic behavior as a function of time.(B). It is only useful for defining its glass transition temperature.(C). It only allows us to define the polymer degradation temperature.(D). Neither option is correct.arrow_forwardWhen natural light falls perpendicularly on a material A, it has a reflectivity of 0.813%. Indicate the value of the refractive index.arrow_forwardIn piezoelectricity and piezoelectric ceramics, one of the following options is false:(A). Piezoelectricity allows an electrical signal to be transformed into a mechanical one.(B). PbZrO3 is a well-known piezoelectric ceramic.(C). Piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity in general have no relationship.(D). One of the applications of piezoelectricity is sonar.arrow_forward
- (30 MARKS) Give the major product(s ) formed including relevant stereochemistry or the complete reaction conditions for the following reactions. More than one step may be required for each reaction arrow, in which case the steps must be numbered 1), 2) etc. (2 marks each box) h) i) h) OH i) HO H3PO4, heat 2 Brarrow_forwardNonearrow_forwardIndicate which option is false(A). Resistivity has a residual component and a thermal component.(B). In some materials resistivity increases with T and in others it decreases.(C). In insulating materials, resistivity is very low.arrow_forward
- Principles of Modern ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305079113Author:David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. ButlerPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningGeneral Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Cour...ChemistryISBN:9781305580343Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; DarrellPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage Learning