Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 17, Problem 14Q
Human DNA contains almost twice as much information as is needed to code for all the substances produced in the body. Likewise, the digital data sent from Voyager II contained one redundant bit out of every two bits of information. The Hubble space telescope transmits three redundant bits for every bit of information. How is entropy related to the transmission of information? What do you think is accomplished by having so many redundant bits of information in both DNA and the space probes?
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Students have asked these similar questions
Part VII. The H-NMR of a compound with molecular formula C5 H 10 O2 is given below.
Find the following:
(a) The no. of protons corresponding to each signal in the spectra
(6) Give the structure of the compound and assign the signals to each
proton in the compound.
a
70.2
Integration Values
C5H10O2
b
47.7
C
46.5
d
69.5
3.6 3.5
3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0
2.9 2.8
2.7
2.6 2.5
2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0
Chemical Shift (ppm)
1.9
1.8
1.7 1.6
1.5
1.4 1.3 1.2
1.1 1.0
0.9 0.8
Part 111. 1 H-NMR spectrum of a compound with integration values in red is given below.
Answer the following:
(a) write the signals in the 'H-NMR spectrum to the corresponding protons on the structure
of the molecule below.
(b) Identify the theoretical multiplicities for each proton in the compound. Also give the possible.
complex splitting patterns assuming J values are not similar.
там
Br
22
2
3
6
4 7.2 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0
Chemical Shift (ppm)
ra.
Br
2
3
6
6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
Chemical Shift (ppm)
2
2
Br
7.3
7.2
7.1
7.0 6.9
6.7 6.6 6.5
6.4
6.3
6.2
6.1
6.0
Chemical Shift (ppm)
5.9
5.8 5.7
5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2
5.0 4.9
1600°
1538°C
1493°C
In the diagram, the letter L indicates
that it is a liquid. Indicate its
components in the upper region
where only L is indicated.
The
iron-iron carbide phase
diagram.
Temperature (°C)
1400
8
1394°C
y+L
1200
2.14
y, Austenite
10000
912°C
800a
0.76
0.022
600
400
(Fe)
a, Ferrite
Composition (at% C)
15
1147°C
a + Fe3C
2
3
Composition (wt% C)
L
2500
4.30
2000
y + Fe3C
727°C
1500
Cementite (Fe3C)
1000
4
5
6
6.70
Temperature (°F)
Chapter 17 Solutions
Chemistry
Ch. 17 - Define the following: a. spontaneous process b....Ch. 17 - What is the second law of thermodynamics? For any...Ch. 17 - What determines Ssurr for a process? To calculate...Ch. 17 - The free energy change, G, for a process at...Ch. 17 - What is the third law of thermodynamics? What are...Ch. 17 - What is the standard free energy change, G, for a...Ch. 17 - If you calculate a value for G for a reaction...Ch. 17 - Consider the equation G = G + RT ln(Q). What is...Ch. 17 - Even if G is negative, the reaction may not occur....Ch. 17 - Discuss the relationship between wmax and the...
Ch. 17 - For the process A(l) A(g), which direction is...Ch. 17 - For a liquid, which would you expect to be larger,...Ch. 17 - Gas A2 reacts with gas B2 to form gas AB at a...Ch. 17 - What types of experiments can be carried out to...Ch. 17 - A friend tells you, Free energy G and pressure P...Ch. 17 - Prob. 6ALQCh. 17 - Predict the sign of S for each of the following...Ch. 17 - Is Ssurr favorable or unfavorable for exothermic...Ch. 17 - At 1 atm, liquid water is heated above 100C. For...Ch. 17 - Prob. 10ALQCh. 17 - The synthesis of glucose directly from CO2 and H2O...Ch. 17 - When the environment is contaminated by a toxic or...Ch. 17 - Entropy has been described as times arrow....Ch. 17 - Human DNA contains almost twice as much...Ch. 17 - A mixture of hydrogen gas and chlorine gas remains...Ch. 17 - Consider the following potential energy plots: a....Ch. 17 - Ssurr is sometimes called the energy disorder...Ch. 17 - Given the following illustration, what can be said...Ch. 17 - The melting point for carbon diselenide (CSe2) is...Ch. 17 - The third law of thermodynamics states that the...Ch. 17 - The deciding factor on why HF is a weak acid and...Ch. 17 - List three different ways to calculate the...Ch. 17 - What information can be determined from G for a...Ch. 17 - Monochloroethane (C2H5Cl) can be produced by the...Ch. 17 - Consider the following relationships: G = 1, H =...Ch. 17 - Consider the reaction N2O2(g) 2NO2(g) where...Ch. 17 - At 1500 K, the process I2(g)2I(g)10atm10atm is not...Ch. 17 - Which of the following processes are spontaneous?...Ch. 17 - Which of the following processes are spontaneous?...Ch. 17 - Table 16-1 shows the possible arrangements of four...Ch. 17 - Consider the following illustration of six...Ch. 17 - Consider the following energy levels, each capable...Ch. 17 - Redo Exercise 29 with two particles A and B, which...Ch. 17 - Choose the substance with the larger positional...Ch. 17 - Which of the following involve an increase in the...Ch. 17 - Predict the sign of Ssurr for the following...Ch. 17 - Calculate Ssurr for the following reactions at 25C...Ch. 17 - Given the values of H and S, which of the...Ch. 17 - At what temperatures will the following processes...Ch. 17 - Ethanethiol (C2H5SH; also called ethyl mercaptan)...Ch. 17 - For mercury, the enthalpy of vaporization is 58.51...Ch. 17 - For ammonia (NH3), the enthalpy of fusion is 5.65...Ch. 17 - The enthalpy of vaporization of ethanol is 38.7...Ch. 17 - Predict the sign of S for each of the following...Ch. 17 - Predict the sign of S for each of the following...Ch. 17 - For each of the following pairs of substances,...Ch. 17 - For each of the following pairs, which substance...Ch. 17 - Predict the sign of S and then calculate S for...Ch. 17 - Predict the sign of S and then calculate S for...Ch. 17 - For the reaction C2H2(g)+4F2(g)2CF4(g)+H2(g) S is...Ch. 17 - For the reaction CS2(g)+3O2(g)CO2(g)+2SO2(g) S is...Ch. 17 - It is quite common for a solid to change from one...Ch. 17 - Two crystalline forms of white phosphorus are...Ch. 17 - Consider the reaction 2O(g)O2(g) a. Predict the...Ch. 17 - Hydrogen cyanide is produced industrially by the...Ch. 17 - From data in Appendix 4, calculate H, S, and G for...Ch. 17 - The major industrial use of hydrogen is in the...Ch. 17 - For the reaction at 298 K, 2NO2(g)N2O4(g) the...Ch. 17 - At 100C and 1.00 atm, H = 40.6 kJ/mol for the...Ch. 17 - For the sublimation of iodine at 25C I2(s) I2(g)...Ch. 17 - Given the following data:...Ch. 17 - Given the following data:...Ch. 17 - For the reaction SF4(g)+F2(g)SF6(g) the value of G...Ch. 17 - The value of G for the reaction...Ch. 17 - Consider the reaction...Ch. 17 - Consider the reaction 2POCl3(g)2PCl3(g)+O2(g) a....Ch. 17 - Using data from Appendix 4, calculate H, S and G...Ch. 17 - Consider two reactions for the production of...Ch. 17 - Using data from Appendix 4, calculate G for the...Ch. 17 - Using data from Appendix 4, calculate G for the...Ch. 17 - Consider the reaction 2NO2(g)N2O4(g) For each of...Ch. 17 - Consider the following reaction:...Ch. 17 - One of the reactions that destroys ozone in the...Ch. 17 - Hydrogen sulfide can be removed from natural gas...Ch. 17 - Consider the following reaction at 25.0C:...Ch. 17 - The standard free energies of formation and the...Ch. 17 - Calculate G forH2O(g)+12O2(g)H2O2(g) at 600. K,...Ch. 17 - The Ostwald process for the commercial production...Ch. 17 - Cells use the hydrolysis of adenosine...Ch. 17 - One reaction that occurs in human metabolism is...Ch. 17 - Consider the following reaction at 800. K:...Ch. 17 - Consider the following reaction at 298 K:...Ch. 17 - Consider the relationship In(K)=HRT+SR The...Ch. 17 - The equilibrium constant K for the reaction...Ch. 17 - A reaction has K = 1.9 1014 at 25C and K = 9.1 ...Ch. 17 - Using Appendix 4 and the following data, determine...Ch. 17 - Some water is placed in a coffee-cup calorimeter....Ch. 17 - A green plant synthesizes glucose by...Ch. 17 - When most biological enzymes are heated, they lose...Ch. 17 - Acrylonitrile is the starting material used in...Ch. 17 - Calculate the entropy change for the vaporization...Ch. 17 - As O2(l) is cooled at 1 atm, it freezes at 54.5 K...Ch. 17 - Consider the following reaction:...Ch. 17 - Using the following data, calculate the value of...Ch. 17 - Many biochemical reactions that occur in cells...Ch. 17 - Carbon monoxide is toxic because it bonds much...Ch. 17 - In the text, the equation G=G+RTIn(Q) was derived...Ch. 17 - Prob. 101AECh. 17 - Use the equation in Exercise 79 to determine H and...Ch. 17 - Prob. 103AECh. 17 - Consider the following diagram of free energy (G)...Ch. 17 - Prob. 105CWPCh. 17 - For rubidium Hvapo=69.0KJ/mol at 686C, its boiling...Ch. 17 - Given the thermodynamic data below, calculate S...Ch. 17 - Consider the reaction: H2S(g)+SO2(g)3S(g)+2H2O(l)...Ch. 17 - The following reaction occurs in pure water:...Ch. 17 - Prob. 110CWPCh. 17 - Consider the reaction: PCl3(g)+Cl2(g)PCl5(g) At...Ch. 17 - The equilibrium constant for a certain reaction...Ch. 17 - Consider two perfectly insulated vessels. Vessel 1...Ch. 17 - Liquid water at 25C is introduced into an...Ch. 17 - Using data from Appendix 4, calculate H, G, and K...Ch. 17 - Entropy can be calculated by a relationship...Ch. 17 - a. Using the free energy profile for a simple...Ch. 17 - Consider the reaction H2(g)+Br2(g)2HBr(g) where H...Ch. 17 - Consider the system A(g)B(g) at25C. a. Assuming...Ch. 17 - The equilibrium constant for a certain reaction...Ch. 17 - If wet silver carbonate is dried in a stream of...Ch. 17 - Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and benzene (C6H6)...Ch. 17 - Sodium chloride is added to water (at 25C) until...Ch. 17 - You have a 1.00-L sample of hot water (90.0C)...Ch. 17 - Consider a weak acid, HX. If a 0.10-M solution of...Ch. 17 - The vaporization of ethanol C2H5OH(l) C2H5OH(g)...Ch. 17 - Some nonelectrolyte solute (molar mass = 142...Ch. 17 - For the equilibrium A(g)+2B(g)C(g) the initial...Ch. 17 - What is the pH of a 0. 125-M solution of the weak...Ch. 17 - Impure nickel, refined by smelting sulfide ores in...
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