Chapter 17, Problem 106AE

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The behavior of atoms/ions during the faster cooking with hot water in a pressure cooker than in an open pan needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Colligative properties are the properties of solution which depend on the number of particles present in the solution. Some common examples of colligative properties are depression in freezing point, elevation in boiling point, osmotic pressure, lowering in vapor pressure etc. The number of particles is shown with the help of Van’t Hoff factor ‘i’.

The mathematical expression for depression in freezing point and elevation in boiling point are as given below:

  $\begin{array}{l}{\text{ΔT}}_{\text{f}}{\text{ = i × k}}_{\text{f}}\text{×m}\\ {\text{ΔT}}_{\text{b}}{\text{ = i × k}}_{\text{b}}\text{×m}\\ {\text{ΔT}}_{\text{f}}\text{ = Depression in freezing point}\\ {\text{ΔT}}_{\text{b}}\text{=Elevation in boiling point}\\ \text{i = van't Hoff factor}\\ {\text{k}}_{\text{b}}\text{=Molal elevation constant}\\ {\text{k}}_{\text{f}}=\text{Molal depression constant}\\ \text{m = Molality}\end{array}$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The behavior of atoms/ions during the use of salt on icy road needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Colligative properties are the properties of solution which depends on the number of particles present in the solution. Some common examples of colligative properties are depression in freezing point, elevation in boiling point, osmotic pressure, lowering in vapor pressure, etc. The number of particles is shown with the help of Van’t Hoff factor ‘i’.

The mathematical expression for depression in freezing point and elevation in boiling point are as given below:

  $\begin{array}{l}{\text{ΔT}}_{\text{f}}{\text{ = i × k}}_{\text{f}}\text{×m}\\ {\text{ΔT}}_{\text{b}}{\text{ = i × k}}_{\text{b}}\text{×m}\\ {\text{ΔT}}_{\text{f}}\text{ = Depression in freezing point}\\ {\text{ΔT}}_{\text{b}}\text{=Elevation in boiling point}\\ \text{i = van't Hoff factor}\\ {\text{k}}_{\text{b}}\text{=Molal elevation constant}\\ {\text{k}}_{\text{f}}=\text{Molal depression constant}\\ \text{m = Molality}\end{array}$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The behavior of atoms/ions when melted sea ice from the Arctic Ocean produces fresh water needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Colligative properties are the properties of solution which depend on the number of particles present in the solution. Some common examples of colligative properties are depression in freezing point, elevation in boiling point, osmotic pressure, lowering in vapor pressure, etc. The number of particles is shown with the help of Van’t Hoff factor ‘i’.

The mathematical expression for depression in freezing point and elevation in boiling point are as given below:

  $\begin{array}{l}{\text{ΔT}}_{\text{f}}{\text{ = i × k}}_{\text{f}}\text{×m}\\ {\text{ΔT}}_{\text{b}}{\text{ = i × k}}_{\text{b}}\text{×m}\\ {\text{ΔT}}_{\text{f}}\text{ = Depression in freezing point}\\ {\text{ΔT}}_{\text{b}}\text{=Elevation in boiling point}\\ \text{i = van't Hoff factor}\\ {\text{k}}_{\text{b}}\text{=Molal elevation constant}\\ {\text{k}}_{\text{f}}=\text{Molal depression constant}\\ \text{m = Molality}\end{array}$

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The behavior of atoms/ions for $\text{CO}\text{(s)}$ dry ice which does not have a normal boiling point under atmospheric conditions, even though $\text{CO}$ is liquid in fire extinguisher needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Colligative properties are the properties of solution which depend on the number of particles present in the solution. Some common examples of colligative properties are depression in freezing point, elevation in boiling point, osmotic pressure, lowering in vapor pressure, etc. The number of particles is shown with the help of Van’t Hoff factor ‘i’.

The mathematical expression for depression in freezing point and elevation in boiling point are as given below:

  $\begin{array}{l}{\text{ΔT}}_{\text{f}}{\text{ = i × k}}_{\text{f}}\text{×m}\\ {\text{ΔT}}_{\text{b}}{\text{ = i × k}}_{\text{b}}\text{×m}\\ {\text{ΔT}}_{\text{f}}\text{ = Depression in freezing point}\\ {\text{ΔT}}_{\text{b}}\text{=Elevation in boiling point}\\ \text{i = van't Hoff factor}\\ {\text{k}}_{\text{b}}\text{=Molal elevation constant}\\ {\text{k}}_{\text{f}}=\text{Molal depression constant}\\ \text{m = Molality}\end{array}$