Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780073398174
Author: Yunus A. Cengel Dr., Michael A. Boles
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 16.6, Problem 61P
To determine
Determine the mole fraction of the solid in the liquid at the interface at a specified temperature.
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You want to carburize a steel drill bit in the presence of methane. The drill bit initially has a uniform carbon concentration of 0.25 wt% and is to be treated at 950 oC (1750 oF). If the concentration of carbon at the surface is suddenly brought to and maintained at 1.20 wt%, how long will it take to achieve a carbon content of 0.80 wt% at a position 0.5mm below the surface? (The diffusion coefficient for carbon in iron at this temperature is 1.6 x 10-11 m2/s.)
A plate of iron is exposed to a carburizing atmosphere on one side and a decarburizing atmosphere on the other side at 850 oC. If a condition of steady state is achieved, calculate the diffusion flux of carbon through the plate if the concentrations of carbon at positions of 5 and 10 mm beneath the carburizing surface are 1.4 and 0.8 kg/m3, respectively. Assume a diffusion coefficient of 3 x 10 -11 m2/s at this temperature.
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Chapter 16 Solutions
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach
Ch. 16.6 - Write three different KPrelations for reacting...Ch. 16.6 - A reaction chamber contains a mixture of CO2, CO,...Ch. 16.6 - A reaction chamber contains a mixture of N2and N...Ch. 16.6 - A reaction chamber contains a mixture of CO2, CO,...Ch. 16.6 - Which element is more likely to dissociate into...Ch. 16.6 - Prob. 6PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 7PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 8PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 9PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 10P
Ch. 16.6 - Prob. 11PCh. 16.6 - 16–12 Determine the temperature at which 5 percent...Ch. 16.6 - 16–12 Determine the temperature at which 5 percent...Ch. 16.6 - Prob. 14PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 15PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 16PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 17PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 18PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 19PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 20PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 21PCh. 16.6 - Determine the equilibrium constant KP for the...Ch. 16.6 - Prob. 24PCh. 16.6 - Carbon monoxide is burned with 100 percent excess...Ch. 16.6 - Prob. 27PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 28PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 29PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 30PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 31PCh. 16.6 - A mixture of 3 mol of N2, 1 mol of O2, and 0.1 mol...Ch. 16.6 - Prob. 33PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 34PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 35PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 37PCh. 16.6 - Estimate KP for the following equilibrium reaction...Ch. 16.6 - Prob. 40PCh. 16.6 - What is the equilibrium criterion for systems that...Ch. 16.6 - Prob. 42PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 43PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 44PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 48PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 51PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 52PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 53PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 54PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 55PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 56PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 57PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 59PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 60PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 61PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 62PCh. 16.6 - Using the Henrys constant data for a gas dissolved...Ch. 16.6 - Prob. 65PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 66PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 67PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 68PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 69PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 70PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 71PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 72PCh. 16.6 - An oxygennitrogen mixture consists of 30 kg of...Ch. 16.6 - Prob. 74PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 75PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 76PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 77PCh. 16.6 - An ammoniawater absorption refrigeration unit...Ch. 16.6 - Prob. 79PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 81PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 82PCh. 16.6 - Prob. 83RPCh. 16.6 - Prob. 84RPCh. 16.6 - Prob. 85RPCh. 16.6 - Consider a glass of water in a room at 25C and 100...Ch. 16.6 - Prob. 87RPCh. 16.6 - 16–90 Propane gas is burned steadily at 1 atm...Ch. 16.6 - Prob. 91RPCh. 16.6 - Prob. 92RPCh. 16.6 - Prob. 93RPCh. 16.6 - Prob. 94RPCh. 16.6 - Prob. 95RPCh. 16.6 - A constant-volume tank contains a mixture of 1 mol...Ch. 16.6 - Prob. 101RPCh. 16.6 - Prob. 103RPCh. 16.6 - Prob. 104RPCh. 16.6 - Prob. 107RPCh. 16.6 - Prob. 108RPCh. 16.6 - Prob. 109FEPCh. 16.6 - Prob. 110FEPCh. 16.6 - Prob. 111FEPCh. 16.6 - Prob. 112FEPCh. 16.6 - Prob. 113FEPCh. 16.6 - Prob. 114FEPCh. 16.6 - Propane C3H8 is burned with air, and the...Ch. 16.6 - Prob. 116FEPCh. 16.6 - Prob. 117FEPCh. 16.6 - The solubility of nitrogen gas in rubber at 25C is...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, mechanical-engineering and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- show your step by step solutionarrow_forwardA cylinder initially has a volume of 0.025 m3 that contains 1.5 moles of gas at a temperature of 0°C at a pressure of 1.35 atm. (1) If the pressure is changed to 0.1 atm, but the amount of gas and the temperature are kept constant, what must the new volume be? (2) Starting from the initial cylinder's conditions above, if an additional 1.2 moles of gas are added to the cylinder, in order to keep the volume and pressure constant, what must the new temperature of the gas be? (3) Starting from the initial cylinder's conditions above, if the volume is changed to 0.1 m3 and temperature is increased to 200°C but the amount of gas in the cylinder is unchanged, find the new pressure in the cylinder.arrow_forwardi need the answer quicklyarrow_forward
- the sample for 10 hours at 930°C to achieve 0.4% carbon, 1cm from the surface. To Consider the carbonization of steel that has a background of 0.1% carbon. The plan is to heat accomplish this, what concentration of carbon must be maintained at the surface? The diffusion coefficient is D = 2.3 x 105 m²/s.arrow_forward(c) A 1020 steel gear is carburized at 927°C and gives the surface carbon concentration maintained at 1.2 wt%. After 8 hours, the concentration of carbon is 0.4 wt%. Note: D (C in y iron) at 927°C = 1.28 × 10*1" m²/s. Determine the depth of the carbon diffuse to the gear steel after 8 hours. (d) State the importance of case hardening in gear steel components in the steel metal industry.arrow_forwardConsider an alloy that is undergoing carburizing process, initially has a uniform carbon concentration of 0.27 wt% and is to be treated at 950°C (1750°F). If the concentration of carbon at the surface is suddenly brought to and maintained at 1.32 (c) wt%, how long will it take to achieve a carbon content of 0.85% at a position 0.7 mm below the surface? The diffusion coefficient for carbon in iron at this temperature is 1.6 x 10-11 m2/s; assume that the steel piece is semi-finite.arrow_forward
- Current Attempt in Progress Your answer is incorrect. Consider a specimen of ice that is at -10°C and 1 atm pressure. Using Animated Figure, the pressure- temperature phase diagram for H₂O, determine the pressure to which the specimen must be raised or lowered to cause it (a) to melt, and (b) to sublime. (a) i 750 (b) i 003 eTextbook and Media Save for Later atm atm Assistance Used Attempts: 2 of 3 used Submit Answerarrow_forwardConsider a sheet of Iron which is maintained in an atmosphere filled with nitrogen and is permitted to achieve and steady state diffuseion. The thickness of the sheet is 6.5mm. The diffusion coefficient of nitrogen in iron is 1.9 × 10-11 m2/s at 6750C. If the concentration on the high-pressure side of the plate is 3kg/m3 and the diffusion flux is 1.7 × 10-8 kg/m2 s . Determine the concentration on the low-pressure side of the plate if the depth of concentration of low-pressure side is 0.001 m. A) 3.2 kg/m3 B) -3 kg/m3 C) 2.1 kg/m3 D) 0.001 kg/m3arrow_forwardAn iron-carbon alloy initially containing 0.240 wt% C is exposed to an oxygen-rich and virtually carbon-free atmosphere at 1100°C. Under these circumstances the carbon diffuses from the alloy and reacts at the surface with the oxygen in the atmosphere; that is, the carbon concentration at the surface position is maintained essentially at 0.0 wt% C. At what position will the carbon concentration be 0.180 wt% after a 7 h treatment? The value of D at 1100°C is 3.7 × 10-11 m2/s.arrow_forward
- An FCC iron-carbon alloy initially containing 0.35 wt% C is exposed to an oxygen-rich and virtually carbon-free atmosphere at 1400 K (1127°C). Under these circumstances the carbon diffuses from the alloy and reacts at the surface with the oxygen in the atmosphere; that is, the carbon concentration at the surface position is maintained essentially at 0 wt% C. (This process of carbon depletion is termed decarburization.) At what position will the carbon concentration he 0.15 wt% after a 10-h treatment? The value of D at 1400 K is 6.9 x 10m²'sarrow_forwardAn iron-carbon alloy initially containing 0.268 wt% C is exposed to an oxygen-rich and virtually carbon-free atmosphere at 1040°C. Under these circumstances the carbon diffuses from the alloy and reacts at the surface with the oxygen in the atmosphere; that is, the carbon concentration at the surface position is maintained essentially at 0.0 wt% C. At what position will the carbon concentration be 0.201 wt% after a 7 h treatment? The value of D at 1040°C is 2.5 × 10-¹1 m²/s. erf(z) erf(z) 0.55 0.5633 1.3 0.025 0.0282 0.60 0.6039 1.4 0.9523 0.0564 0.65 0.6420 1.5 Z 0.00 0.05 0.15 0.0000 0.10 0.1125 0.70 0.6778 0.20 Z 0.1680 0.75 0.7112 1.7 0.2227 0.80 0.7421 1.8 0.45 0.4755 1.1 0.50 0.5205 Z 1.6 1.2 0.9103 erf(z) 0.9340 2.8 0.9661 0.25 0.2763 0.85 0.7707 1.9 0.9928 0.30 0.3286 0.90 0.7970 2.0 0.9953 0.35 0.3794 0.95 0.8209 2.2 0.40 0.4284 1.0 0.8427 2.4 0.9763 0.9838 0.9891 0.9981 0.8802 2.6 0.9998 0.9993 0.9999arrow_forwardI want tge solution plsarrow_forward
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