a) m-Chloronitrobenzene. Interpretation: How to synthesize m-chloronitrobenzene from benzene is to be shown. Concept introduction: In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the nitro group is meta directing. Since a meta chloronitrobenzene is to be synthesized, benzene is first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained is then chlorinated. To show: How to synthesize m-chloronitrobenzene from benzene.

Question

This paper describes the use of fullerene molecules, also known as buckyballs, as a stationary phase for liquid chromatography. The performance of the fullerene-modified stationary phase (FMS) is compared to that of a more common C18 stationary phase and to two other carbon-based stationary phases, PGC and COZ. A. 10A OM B. - Figure 1. Idealized drawing of the cross-section of a pore inside a silica particle, showing the relative densities of aminopropylsilyl (red/green) and fullerene (blue) groups: (A) full cross- section; (B) detailed view of covalent bonding of fullerene to the silica surface. Surface densities of silyl and fullerene groups were inferred from elemental composition results obtained at each stage of the synthesis (see Table 1). Absorbance (mAU, 220 nm) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 a. Define selectivity, a, with words and an equation. b. Explain how the choice of stationary phase affects selectivity. c. Calculate the resolution of the nitrobenzene and toluene peaks in…

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 16.10, Problem 22P

Interpretation Introduction

a) m-Chloronitrobenzene.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize m-chloronitrobenzene from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the nitro group is meta directing. Since a meta chloronitrobenzene is to be synthesized, benzene is first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained is then chlorinated.

To show:

How to synthesize m-chloronitrobenzene from benzene.

Interpretation Introduction

b) m-Chloroethylbenzene.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize m-chloroethylbenzene from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Since a meta halogen substituted alkyl benzene is to be synthesized benzene is first converted into a meta directing ketone by Friedal-Crafts acylation. The ketone upon halogenation will yield m-halogen substituted ketone which can be reduced to get the desired product.

To show:

How to synthesize m-chloroethylbenzene from benzene.

Interpretation Introduction

c) 4-Chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize 4-chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Since a propyl benzene with a nitro group in the ortho position and a Cl at meta position is to be synthesized. Benzene is first converted into a meta directing ketone by Friedal-Crafts acylation. The ketone upon halogenation will yield a m-halogen substituted ketone which can be reduced to a m-chloroalkyl benzene. Alkyl groups are o- and p- directing. Hence by nitrating the m-chloroalkyl benzene the desired product can be synthesized.

To show:

How to synthesize 4-chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene from benzene.

Interpretation Introduction

d) 3-Bromo-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize 3-bromo-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

A benzenesulfonic acid with a methyl group in the ortho position and a Br at the meta position is to be synthesized. Benzene is first converted into toluene by Friedal-Crafts alkylation. The toluene upon sulfonation will yield a methyl sulfonic acid. By brominating the methylsulfonic acid the desired product can be synthesized.

To show:

How to synthesize 3-bromo-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid from benzene.

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This paper describes the use of fullerene molecules, also known as buckyballs, as a stationary phase for liquid chromatography. The performance of the fullerene-modified stationary phase (FMS) is compared to that of a more common C18 stationary phase and to two other carbon-based stationary phases, PGC and COZ. A. 10A OM B. - Figure 1. Idealized drawing of the cross-section of a pore inside a silica particle, showing the relative densities of aminopropylsilyl (red/green) and fullerene (blue) groups: (A) full cross- section; (B) detailed view of covalent bonding of fullerene to the silica surface. Surface densities of silyl and fullerene groups were inferred from elemental composition results obtained at each stage of the synthesis (see Table 1). Absorbance (mAU, 220 nm) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 a. Define selectivity, a, with words and an equation. b. Explain how the choice of stationary phase affects selectivity. c. Calculate the resolution of the nitrobenzene and toluene peaks in…

Normalized Intensity (a. u.) 0.5 1.0 A 3D-printed GC column (shown below) was created for use with "micro" gas chromatography applications. To prove its utility, it was used to separate a mixture of alkanes (C9-C18, C22, C24). For the separation shown below, the column temperature was ramped from 40 °C to 250 °C at a rate of 30 °C per minute. (a) 9 10 = 1 mm 12 13 15 22 0.0 0 100 200 300 400 Time (sec) a) What detector would you use for this analysis? Justify your selection. b) Explain how the chromatogram would change if the separation was run isothermally. c) Explain how the chromatogram would change if the temperature ramp were increased to 50 °C per minute.

Devise a synthesis of each compound from the indicated starting material. You may also use any organic compounds with one or two carbons and any needed inorganic reagents. a. Br

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 16.10, Problem 22P

Interpretation Introduction

a) m-Chloronitrobenzene.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize m-chloronitrobenzene from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the nitro group is meta directing. Since a meta chloronitrobenzene is to be synthesized, benzene is first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained is then chlorinated.

To show:

How to synthesize m-chloronitrobenzene from benzene.

Interpretation Introduction

b) m-Chloroethylbenzene.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize m-chloroethylbenzene from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Since a meta halogen substituted alkyl benzene is to be synthesized benzene is first converted into a meta directing ketone by Friedal-Crafts acylation. The ketone upon halogenation will yield m-halogen substituted ketone which can be reduced to get the desired product.

To show:

How to synthesize m-chloroethylbenzene from benzene.

Interpretation Introduction

c) 4-Chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize 4-chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Since a propyl benzene with a nitro group in the ortho position and a Cl at meta position is to be synthesized. Benzene is first converted into a meta directing ketone by Friedal-Crafts acylation. The ketone upon halogenation will yield a m-halogen substituted ketone which can be reduced to a m-chloroalkyl benzene. Alkyl groups are o- and p- directing. Hence by nitrating the m-chloroalkyl benzene the desired product can be synthesized.

To show:

How to synthesize 4-chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene from benzene.

Interpretation Introduction

d) 3-Bromo-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize 3-bromo-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

A benzenesulfonic acid with a methyl group in the ortho position and a Br at the meta position is to be synthesized. Benzene is first converted into toluene by Friedal-Crafts alkylation. The toluene upon sulfonation will yield a methyl sulfonic acid. By brominating the methylsulfonic acid the desired product can be synthesized.

To show:

How to synthesize 3-bromo-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid from benzene.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 16.10, Problem 22P

Interpretation Introduction

a) m-Chloronitrobenzene.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize m-chloronitrobenzene from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the nitro group is meta directing. Since a meta chloronitrobenzene is to be synthesized, benzene is first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained is then chlorinated.

To show:

How to synthesize m-chloronitrobenzene from benzene.

Interpretation Introduction

b) m-Chloroethylbenzene.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize m-chloroethylbenzene from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Since a meta halogen substituted alkyl benzene is to be synthesized benzene is first converted into a meta directing ketone by Friedal-Crafts acylation. The ketone upon halogenation will yield m-halogen substituted ketone which can be reduced to get the desired product.

To show:

How to synthesize m-chloroethylbenzene from benzene.

Interpretation Introduction

c) 4-Chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize 4-chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Since a propyl benzene with a nitro group in the ortho position and a Cl at meta position is to be synthesized. Benzene is first converted into a meta directing ketone by Friedal-Crafts acylation. The ketone upon halogenation will yield a m-halogen substituted ketone which can be reduced to a m-chloroalkyl benzene. Alkyl groups are o- and p- directing. Hence by nitrating the m-chloroalkyl benzene the desired product can be synthesized.

To show:

How to synthesize 4-chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene from benzene.

Interpretation Introduction

d) 3-Bromo-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize 3-bromo-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

A benzenesulfonic acid with a methyl group in the ortho position and a Br at the meta position is to be synthesized. Benzene is first converted into toluene by Friedal-Crafts alkylation. The toluene upon sulfonation will yield a methyl sulfonic acid. By brominating the methylsulfonic acid the desired product can be synthesized.

To show:

How to synthesize 3-bromo-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid from benzene.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 16.10, Problem 22P

Interpretation Introduction

a) m-Chloronitrobenzene.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize m-chloronitrobenzene from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the nitro group is meta directing. Since a meta chloronitrobenzene is to be synthesized, benzene is first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained is then chlorinated.

To show:

How to synthesize m-chloronitrobenzene from benzene.

Interpretation Introduction

b) m-Chloroethylbenzene.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize m-chloroethylbenzene from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Since a meta halogen substituted alkyl benzene is to be synthesized benzene is first converted into a meta directing ketone by Friedal-Crafts acylation. The ketone upon halogenation will yield m-halogen substituted ketone which can be reduced to get the desired product.

To show:

How to synthesize m-chloroethylbenzene from benzene.

Interpretation Introduction

c) 4-Chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize 4-chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Since a propyl benzene with a nitro group in the ortho position and a Cl at meta position is to be synthesized. Benzene is first converted into a meta directing ketone by Friedal-Crafts acylation. The ketone upon halogenation will yield a m-halogen substituted ketone which can be reduced to a m-chloroalkyl benzene. Alkyl groups are o- and p- directing. Hence by nitrating the m-chloroalkyl benzene the desired product can be synthesized.

To show:

How to synthesize 4-chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene from benzene.

Interpretation Introduction

d) 3-Bromo-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize 3-bromo-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

A benzenesulfonic acid with a methyl group in the ortho position and a Br at the meta position is to be synthesized. Benzene is first converted into toluene by Friedal-Crafts alkylation. The toluene upon sulfonation will yield a methyl sulfonic acid. By brominating the methylsulfonic acid the desired product can be synthesized.

To show:

How to synthesize 3-bromo-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid from benzene.

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Answer 5

Chapter 16.10, Problem 22P

Interpretation Introduction

a) m-Chloronitrobenzene.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize m-chloronitrobenzene from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the nitro group is meta directing. Since a meta chloronitrobenzene is to be synthesized, benzene is first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained is then chlorinated.

To show:

How to synthesize m-chloronitrobenzene from benzene.

Interpretation Introduction

b) m-Chloroethylbenzene.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize m-chloroethylbenzene from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Since a meta halogen substituted alkyl benzene is to be synthesized benzene is first converted into a meta directing ketone by Friedal-Crafts acylation. The ketone upon halogenation will yield m-halogen substituted ketone which can be reduced to get the desired product.

To show:

How to synthesize m-chloroethylbenzene from benzene.

Interpretation Introduction

c) 4-Chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize 4-chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Since a propyl benzene with a nitro group in the ortho position and a Cl at meta position is to be synthesized. Benzene is first converted into a meta directing ketone by Friedal-Crafts acylation. The ketone upon halogenation will yield a m-halogen substituted ketone which can be reduced to a m-chloroalkyl benzene. Alkyl groups are o- and p- directing. Hence by nitrating the m-chloroalkyl benzene the desired product can be synthesized.

To show:

How to synthesize 4-chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene from benzene.

Interpretation Introduction

d) 3-Bromo-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize 3-bromo-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

A benzenesulfonic acid with a methyl group in the ortho position and a Br at the meta position is to be synthesized. Benzene is first converted into toluene by Friedal-Crafts alkylation. The toluene upon sulfonation will yield a methyl sulfonic acid. By brominating the methylsulfonic acid the desired product can be synthesized.

To show:

How to synthesize 3-bromo-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid from benzene.

Answer 6

Chapter 16.10, Problem 22P

Interpretation Introduction

a) m-Chloronitrobenzene.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize m-chloronitrobenzene from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the nitro group is meta directing. Since a meta chloronitrobenzene is to be synthesized, benzene is first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained is then chlorinated.

To show:

How to synthesize m-chloronitrobenzene from benzene.

Answer 7

Chapter 16.10, Problem 22P

Interpretation Introduction

a) m-Chloronitrobenzene.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize m-chloronitrobenzene from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

In aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions the nitro group is meta directing. Since a meta chloronitrobenzene is to be synthesized, benzene is first nitrated and the nitrobenzene obtained is then chlorinated.

To show:

How to synthesize m-chloronitrobenzene from benzene.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

b) m-Chloroethylbenzene.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize m-chloroethylbenzene from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Since a meta halogen substituted alkyl benzene is to be synthesized benzene is first converted into a meta directing ketone by Friedal-Crafts acylation. The ketone upon halogenation will yield m-halogen substituted ketone which can be reduced to get the desired product.

To show:

How to synthesize m-chloroethylbenzene from benzene.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

b) m-Chloroethylbenzene.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize m-chloroethylbenzene from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Since a meta halogen substituted alkyl benzene is to be synthesized benzene is first converted into a meta directing ketone by Friedal-Crafts acylation. The ketone upon halogenation will yield m-halogen substituted ketone which can be reduced to get the desired product.

To show:

How to synthesize m-chloroethylbenzene from benzene.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

c) 4-Chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize 4-chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Since a propyl benzene with a nitro group in the ortho position and a Cl at meta position is to be synthesized. Benzene is first converted into a meta directing ketone by Friedal-Crafts acylation. The ketone upon halogenation will yield a m-halogen substituted ketone which can be reduced to a m-chloroalkyl benzene. Alkyl groups are o- and p- directing. Hence by nitrating the m-chloroalkyl benzene the desired product can be synthesized.

To show:

How to synthesize 4-chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene from benzene.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

c) 4-Chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize 4-chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Since a propyl benzene with a nitro group in the ortho position and a Cl at meta position is to be synthesized. Benzene is first converted into a meta directing ketone by Friedal-Crafts acylation. The ketone upon halogenation will yield a m-halogen substituted ketone which can be reduced to a m-chloroalkyl benzene. Alkyl groups are o- and p- directing. Hence by nitrating the m-chloroalkyl benzene the desired product can be synthesized.

To show:

How to synthesize 4-chloro-1-nitro-2-propylbenzene from benzene.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

d) 3-Bromo-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize 3-bromo-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

A benzenesulfonic acid with a methyl group in the ortho position and a Br at the meta position is to be synthesized. Benzene is first converted into toluene by Friedal-Crafts alkylation. The toluene upon sulfonation will yield a methyl sulfonic acid. By brominating the methylsulfonic acid the desired product can be synthesized.

To show:

How to synthesize 3-bromo-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid from benzene.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

d) 3-Bromo-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid.

Interpretation:

How to synthesize 3-bromo-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid from benzene is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

A benzenesulfonic acid with a methyl group in the ortho position and a Br at the meta position is to be synthesized. Benzene is first converted into toluene by Friedal-Crafts alkylation. The toluene upon sulfonation will yield a methyl sulfonic acid. By brominating the methylsulfonic acid the desired product can be synthesized.

To show:

How to synthesize 3-bromo-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid from benzene.

Answer 14

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Ch. 16.1 - Prob. 1P Ch. 16.2 - Propose a mechanism for the electrophilic...Ch. 16.2 - How many products might be formed on chlorination...Ch. 16.2 - When benzene is treated with D2SÅª4. deuterium...Ch. 16.3 - Prob. 5P Ch. 16.3 - What is the major monosubstitution product from...Ch. 16.3 - Identify the carboxylic acid chloride that might...Ch. 16.4 - Rank the compounds in each of the following groups...Ch. 16.4 - Predict the major products of the following...Ch. 16.4 - Prob. 10P

Chapter 16 Solutions