(a) To write: The description for the negative feedback which down-regulates the signals which are induced by erythropoietin. Introduction: Erythropoietin (Epo) is a hormone that is released by the kidneys. It increases the red blood cells production rate in response to the reducing levels of oxygen in the human tissues. Cytokine receptor is linked with a JAnus Kinase (JAK kinase). Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) are the signaling molecules which control a diversity of cellular processes together with differentiation, mitotic cycle, cell growth, and oncogenic transformation. Suppress or of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS protein).

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Answer 1

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Chapter 16, Problem 5RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The description for the negative feedback which down-regulates the signals which are induced by erythropoietin.

Introduction:

Erythropoietin (Epo) is a hormone that is released by the kidneys. It increases the red blood cells production rate in response to the reducing levels of oxygen in the human tissues. Cytokine receptor is linked with a JAnus Kinase (JAK kinase). Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) are the signaling molecules which control a diversity of cellular processes together with differentiation, mitotic cycle, cell growth, and oncogenic transformation. Suppress or of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS protein).

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The description for the negative feedback which down-regulates the signals which are induced by TGF-β.

Introduction:

Transforming growth factor beta or TGF-β is a cytokine which is multifunctional. It belongs to the superfamily of transforming growth factor. It consists of four dissimilar isoforms like TGF-β (1 to 4) represented as TGFβ1, TGFβ2, TGFβ3, TGFβ4. This growth factor family also contain many other signaling proteins that are produced by all lineages of white blood cell. TGF-β receptor I show activation of Smad2 and Smad3. These Smad2 and Smad3 are the proteins which form a hetero-oligomer with Smad4. Ski and SnoN are the functionally and structurally highly homologous proteins.

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Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…

Question #5: Assume that two genes are identified that confer gametophytic facultative apomixis in soybean. The genes show independent assortment. Recessive alleles at both loci are required for the facultative apomixis. Facultative apomixis is triggered when the temperature at pollination is above 20 degrees C. At temperatures below 20 degrees C, all reproduction is sexual, independent of genotype. A facultative apomict male, capable of producing viable pollen, was crossed with a sexually reproducing female. Assuming the parents are completely inbred, what are the predicted phenotypic ratios (apomict: non-apomict) for the F1, F2, and DH (F1-derived) generations at each of the following temperatures*: a) 15°C? b) 25°C? *for full credit, show crosses and genotypes where appropriate. Remember to position the female first (left side) in the cross. Type your answer here:

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 5RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The description for the negative feedback which down-regulates the signals which are induced by erythropoietin.

Introduction:

Erythropoietin (Epo) is a hormone that is released by the kidneys. It increases the red blood cells production rate in response to the reducing levels of oxygen in the human tissues. Cytokine receptor is linked with a JAnus Kinase (JAK kinase). Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) are the signaling molecules which control a diversity of cellular processes together with differentiation, mitotic cycle, cell growth, and oncogenic transformation. Suppress or of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS protein).

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The description for the negative feedback which down-regulates the signals which are induced by TGF-β.

Introduction:

Transforming growth factor beta or TGF-β is a cytokine which is multifunctional. It belongs to the superfamily of transforming growth factor. It consists of four dissimilar isoforms like TGF-β (1 to 4) represented as TGFβ1, TGFβ2, TGFβ3, TGFβ4. This growth factor family also contain many other signaling proteins that are produced by all lineages of white blood cell. TGF-β receptor I show activation of Smad2 and Smad3. These Smad2 and Smad3 are the proteins which form a hetero-oligomer with Smad4. Ski and SnoN are the functionally and structurally highly homologous proteins.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 5RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The description for the negative feedback which down-regulates the signals which are induced by erythropoietin.

Introduction:

Erythropoietin (Epo) is a hormone that is released by the kidneys. It increases the red blood cells production rate in response to the reducing levels of oxygen in the human tissues. Cytokine receptor is linked with a JAnus Kinase (JAK kinase). Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) are the signaling molecules which control a diversity of cellular processes together with differentiation, mitotic cycle, cell growth, and oncogenic transformation. Suppress or of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS protein).

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The description for the negative feedback which down-regulates the signals which are induced by TGF-β.

Introduction:

Transforming growth factor beta or TGF-β is a cytokine which is multifunctional. It belongs to the superfamily of transforming growth factor. It consists of four dissimilar isoforms like TGF-β (1 to 4) represented as TGFβ1, TGFβ2, TGFβ3, TGFβ4. This growth factor family also contain many other signaling proteins that are produced by all lineages of white blood cell. TGF-β receptor I show activation of Smad2 and Smad3. These Smad2 and Smad3 are the proteins which form a hetero-oligomer with Smad4. Ski and SnoN are the functionally and structurally highly homologous proteins.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 16, Problem 5RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The description for the negative feedback which down-regulates the signals which are induced by erythropoietin.

Introduction:

Erythropoietin (Epo) is a hormone that is released by the kidneys. It increases the red blood cells production rate in response to the reducing levels of oxygen in the human tissues. Cytokine receptor is linked with a JAnus Kinase (JAK kinase). Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) are the signaling molecules which control a diversity of cellular processes together with differentiation, mitotic cycle, cell growth, and oncogenic transformation. Suppress or of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS protein).

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The description for the negative feedback which down-regulates the signals which are induced by TGF-β.

Introduction:

Transforming growth factor beta or TGF-β is a cytokine which is multifunctional. It belongs to the superfamily of transforming growth factor. It consists of four dissimilar isoforms like TGF-β (1 to 4) represented as TGFβ1, TGFβ2, TGFβ3, TGFβ4. This growth factor family also contain many other signaling proteins that are produced by all lineages of white blood cell. TGF-β receptor I show activation of Smad2 and Smad3. These Smad2 and Smad3 are the proteins which form a hetero-oligomer with Smad4. Ski and SnoN are the functionally and structurally highly homologous proteins.

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Answer 5

Chapter 16, Problem 5RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The description for the negative feedback which down-regulates the signals which are induced by erythropoietin.

Introduction:

Erythropoietin (Epo) is a hormone that is released by the kidneys. It increases the red blood cells production rate in response to the reducing levels of oxygen in the human tissues. Cytokine receptor is linked with a JAnus Kinase (JAK kinase). Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) are the signaling molecules which control a diversity of cellular processes together with differentiation, mitotic cycle, cell growth, and oncogenic transformation. Suppress or of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS protein).

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The description for the negative feedback which down-regulates the signals which are induced by TGF-β.

Introduction:

Transforming growth factor beta or TGF-β is a cytokine which is multifunctional. It belongs to the superfamily of transforming growth factor. It consists of four dissimilar isoforms like TGF-β (1 to 4) represented as TGFβ1, TGFβ2, TGFβ3, TGFβ4. This growth factor family also contain many other signaling proteins that are produced by all lineages of white blood cell. TGF-β receptor I show activation of Smad2 and Smad3. These Smad2 and Smad3 are the proteins which form a hetero-oligomer with Smad4. Ski and SnoN are the functionally and structurally highly homologous proteins.

Answer 6

Chapter 16, Problem 5RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The description for the negative feedback which down-regulates the signals which are induced by erythropoietin.

Introduction:

Erythropoietin (Epo) is a hormone that is released by the kidneys. It increases the red blood cells production rate in response to the reducing levels of oxygen in the human tissues. Cytokine receptor is linked with a JAnus Kinase (JAK kinase). Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) are the signaling molecules which control a diversity of cellular processes together with differentiation, mitotic cycle, cell growth, and oncogenic transformation. Suppress or of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS protein).

Answer 7

Chapter 16, Problem 5RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The description for the negative feedback which down-regulates the signals which are induced by erythropoietin.

Introduction:

Erythropoietin (Epo) is a hormone that is released by the kidneys. It increases the red blood cells production rate in response to the reducing levels of oxygen in the human tissues. Cytokine receptor is linked with a JAnus Kinase (JAK kinase). Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) are the signaling molecules which control a diversity of cellular processes together with differentiation, mitotic cycle, cell growth, and oncogenic transformation. Suppress or of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS protein).

Answer 8

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The description for the negative feedback which down-regulates the signals which are induced by TGF-β.

Introduction:

Transforming growth factor beta or TGF-β is a cytokine which is multifunctional. It belongs to the superfamily of transforming growth factor. It consists of four dissimilar isoforms like TGF-β (1 to 4) represented as TGFβ1, TGFβ2, TGFβ3, TGFβ4. This growth factor family also contain many other signaling proteins that are produced by all lineages of white blood cell. TGF-β receptor I show activation of Smad2 and Smad3. These Smad2 and Smad3 are the proteins which form a hetero-oligomer with Smad4. Ski and SnoN are the functionally and structurally highly homologous proteins.

Answer 9

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The description for the negative feedback which down-regulates the signals which are induced by TGF-β.

Introduction:

Transforming growth factor beta or TGF-β is a cytokine which is multifunctional. It belongs to the superfamily of transforming growth factor. It consists of four dissimilar isoforms like TGF-β (1 to 4) represented as TGFβ1, TGFβ2, TGFβ3, TGFβ4. This growth factor family also contain many other signaling proteins that are produced by all lineages of white blood cell. TGF-β receptor I show activation of Smad2 and Smad3. These Smad2 and Smad3 are the proteins which form a hetero-oligomer with Smad4. Ski and SnoN are the functionally and structurally highly homologous proteins.

Answer 10

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Ch. 16 - Prob. 1RTC Ch. 16 - Prob. 2RTC Ch. 16 - Prob. 3RTC Ch. 16 - Prob. 4RTC Ch. 16 - Prob. 5RTC Ch. 16 - Prob. 6RTC Ch. 16 - Prob. 7RTC Ch. 16 - Prob. 8RTC Ch. 16 - Prob. 9RTC Ch. 16 - Prob. 10RTC

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