The complement destruction of the pathogenic organisms. Given: “Successful parasite ” and “avoid destruction by complement” . Introduction: The complement system consists of thirty heat-labile proteins from plasma, which involves the opsonization of pathogens for assisting the immune responses of the host. The complement proteins are protease in nature, which helps to cleave the antigens to neutralize the infectious substances. It is a cascade or a series of proteins (from C1 to C9 and some proteins are indicated as lower cases a and b) that commence at the time of infection which is termed as complement activation. The proteins from the complement system play a major role in the destruction of microbes by inflammation, cytolysis and opsonization. It is an essential barrier that protects the host tissue from the invading organisms.

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Answer 1

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Definition Definition Organism that lives in the body of another organism and obtains food at the expense of the host. A parasite can directly or indirect harm the host. There are two kinds of parasites: internal and external. An internal parasite lives inside another organism and is known as an endoparasite. An external parasite lives on the body surface of the host and is known as an ectoparasite. Protozoa and helminths are examples of major human parasites.

Chapter 16, Problem 3A

Summary Introduction

To write:

The complement destruction of the pathogenic organisms.

Given:

“Successful parasite” and “avoid destruction by complement”.

Introduction:

The complement system consists of thirty heat-labile proteins from plasma, which involves the opsonization of pathogens for assisting the immune responses of the host. The complement proteins are protease in nature, which helps to cleave the antigens to neutralize the infectious substances. It is a cascade or a series of proteins (from C1 to C9 and some proteins are indicated as lower cases a and b) that commence at the time of infection which is termed as complement activation.

The proteins from the complement system play a major role in the destruction of microbes by inflammation, cytolysis and opsonization. It is an essential barrier that protects the host tissue from the invading organisms.

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The figure below shows antibodies bound to repetitive epitopes on the surface of a bacterial pathogen. Even though all of these epitopes are identical, not all of them have antibodies bound to them. The most likely explanation for this failure of antibodies to bind to every possible epitope on the surface of the pathogen is: There is an insufficient amount of antibody to saturate all the epitopes. The pathogen has an immune evasion strategy to avoid antibody binding to all epitopes. Some of the epitopes cannot bind antibody due to steric hindrance. The antibodies are only able to bind when both antigen-binding sites are engaged on the pathogen surface. The epitopes on the pathogen are not all in the same conformation, so not all will bind the same antibody.

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Organism that lives in the body of another organism and obtains food at the expense of the host. A parasite can directly or indirect harm the host. There are two kinds of parasites: internal and external. An internal parasite lives inside another organism and is known as an endoparasite. An external parasite lives on the body surface of the host and is known as an ectoparasite. Protozoa and helminths are examples of major human parasites.

Chapter 16, Problem 3A

Summary Introduction

To write:

The complement destruction of the pathogenic organisms.

Given:

“Successful parasite” and “avoid destruction by complement”.

Introduction:

The complement system consists of thirty heat-labile proteins from plasma, which involves the opsonization of pathogens for assisting the immune responses of the host. The complement proteins are protease in nature, which helps to cleave the antigens to neutralize the infectious substances. It is a cascade or a series of proteins (from C1 to C9 and some proteins are indicated as lower cases a and b) that commence at the time of infection which is termed as complement activation.

The proteins from the complement system play a major role in the destruction of microbes by inflammation, cytolysis and opsonization. It is an essential barrier that protects the host tissue from the invading organisms.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Organism that lives in the body of another organism and obtains food at the expense of the host. A parasite can directly or indirect harm the host. There are two kinds of parasites: internal and external. An internal parasite lives inside another organism and is known as an endoparasite. An external parasite lives on the body surface of the host and is known as an ectoparasite. Protozoa and helminths are examples of major human parasites.

Chapter 16, Problem 3A

Summary Introduction

To write:

The complement destruction of the pathogenic organisms.

Given:

“Successful parasite” and “avoid destruction by complement”.

Introduction:

The complement system consists of thirty heat-labile proteins from plasma, which involves the opsonization of pathogens for assisting the immune responses of the host. The complement proteins are protease in nature, which helps to cleave the antigens to neutralize the infectious substances. It is a cascade or a series of proteins (from C1 to C9 and some proteins are indicated as lower cases a and b) that commence at the time of infection which is termed as complement activation.

The proteins from the complement system play a major role in the destruction of microbes by inflammation, cytolysis and opsonization. It is an essential barrier that protects the host tissue from the invading organisms.

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Check out a sample textbook solution

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organism that lives in the body of another organism and obtains food at the expense of the host. A parasite can directly or indirect harm the host. There are two kinds of parasites: internal and external. An internal parasite lives inside another organism and is known as an endoparasite. An external parasite lives on the body surface of the host and is known as an ectoparasite. Protozoa and helminths are examples of major human parasites.

Chapter 16, Problem 3A

Summary Introduction