Concept explainers
To explain: The evidence that incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) has affected DNA variation in humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas.
Introduction: Incomplete lineage sorting is a factor that makes it difficult to determine the phylogenetic relations between the radiation species. Radiation species are those species that descended from a common ancestor in a short time period. ILS has chances to be common between the commonly related species.
Explanation of Solution
Incomplete lineage sorting is said to occur when a phylogenetic tree developed using a single gene that has differences compared to the tree developed for population or species level. ILS can come as a problematic cause for determining phylogenies because of its increased frequencies. Studies have shown common ancestry between the humans, chimpanzees, and the gorillas. Molecular studies show that ILS has a significant effect on the DNA variation of these species. ILS has caused polymorphism to inherit in two or more species that are descended from the same common ancestor. For example, studies have shown a significant relation between six alleles of humans and 4 alleles of chimpanzees of the same gene at “major histocompatibility” loci A and B. These two-locus are found in both the species and indicate that these loci have arose the method of gene duplication in their common ancestor before
Want to see more full solutions like this?
- A form of dwarfism known as Ellis–van Creveld syndrome was first discovered in the late 1930s, when Richard Ellis and Simon van Creveld shared a train compartment on the way to a pediatrics meeting. In the course of conversation, they discovered that they each had a patient with this syndrome. They published a description of the syndrome in 1940. Affected individuals have a short-limbed form of dwarfism and often have defects of the lips and teeth, and polydactyly (extra fingers). The largest pedigree for the condition was reported in an Old Order Amish population in eastern Pennsylvania by Victor McKusick and his colleagues (1964). In that community, about 5 per 1000 births are affected, and in the population of 8000, the observed frequency is 2 per 1000. All affected individuals have unaffected parents, and all affected cases can trace their ancestry to Samuel King and his wife, who arrived in the area in 1774. It is known that neither King nor his wife was affected with the…arrow_forwardIn a study of a muscle disorder, several affected families exhibitedvision problems, muscle weakness, and deafness (M. Zeviani et al. 1990.American Journal of Human Genetics 47:904–914). Analysis of themtDNA from affected members of these families revealed that largenumbers of their mtDNA molecules possessed deletions of varyinglengths. Different members of the same family and even differentmitochondria from the same person possessed deletions of differentsizes, so the underlying defect appeared to be a tendency for the mtDNAof affected persons to have deletions. A pedigree of one of the familiesstudied is shown below. The researchers concluded that this disorder isinherited as an autosomal dominant trait, and they mapped the diseasecausinggene to a position on chromosome 10 in the nucleus.a. What characteristics of the pedigree rule out inheritance of a traitencoded by a gene in the mtDNA as the cause of this disorder?b. Explain how a mutation in a nuclear gene might lead to deletions…arrow_forwardHumans and chimpanzees share about 98% of their DNA. What is DNA? What might be the role of regulatory genes in producing the anatomical differences between these two lineages? Give two examples of how the field of genetics has revolutionized biological science. What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and why is it important in genetics?arrow_forward
- a) Write a short description of why someone would choose to write about wolves vs. dogs. Make an argument for why this topic is interesting. b) Write a short description of why someone would choose this paper below of comparative analysis of the blood transcriptomes between wolves. How does this paper relate to wolves vs. dogs? c) How can you tell that this is a primary research paper and not a review article?arrow_forwardWhite throated sparrows have been called 'the bird with four sexes' because of their supergene. Within white throated sparrows there is 'disassortative mating' for alleles at this super gene - every breeding pair has one individual who has a tan throat, and one individual with a white throat (Tuttle et al. 2016, Current Biology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.069). Tan striped sparrows are homozygous whereas white striped sparrows are heterozygous. From this, we conclude which of the following about the super gene: White throat homozygotes could be inviable Tan alleles are haploinsufficent White alleles are 'poisonous' Multiple genes in the super gene are interactingarrow_forwardTraditional gene mapping has been applied successfully to a variety of organisms including yeast, fungi, maize, and Drosophila. However, human gene mapping has only recently shared a similar spotlight. What factors have delayed the application of traditional gene-mapping techniques in humans?arrow_forward
- How does molecular biology paved way for the development of the DNA fingerprinting technique? and what is its molecular basis?arrow_forwardwhat is the role of gene duplication, whole genome duplication, transposable elements, and horizontal gene transffer in genome evolution?arrow_forwardWhat is "homology"? What is BLAST and how is it used? What’s a major assumption when drawing evolutionary relationships between organisms based onDNA sequences?arrow_forward
- How did Spiegelman et al.' s experiments in 1967 & 1970 on the origins of natural selection provide evidence for natural selection in an RNA-based world? A) The starting RNA strand was originally ~4,000 nucleotides; after several serial transfers it was reduced to ~200 nucleotides as a result of faster replication of shorter sequences being advantageous and selected for. B) The starting RNA strand was originally ~4,000; after several serial transfers and the introduction of additional RNA molecules it increased to ~20,000 nucleotides as a result of hybridization with the longer RNA molecules having outcompeted shorter RNA strands. C) The RNA remained at approximately is original sequence of ~4,000 nucleotides, demonstrating fitness in a stable environment. D) These experiments did not demonstrate natural selection.arrow_forward18. Some traits that can be counted and expressed I. Whole numbers Such as bristle number in Drosophila are:arrow_forwardhow can genomes with a relatively small number of genes produce the vast complexity of phenotypes that results in living organisms, including humans?arrow_forward
- Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning