Evolution
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781605356051
Author: Douglas Futuyma, Mark Kirkpatrick
Publisher: SINAUER
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Question
Chapter 16, Problem 1PDT
Summary Introduction
To explain: The evidence that incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) has affected DNA variation in humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas.
Introduction: Incomplete lineage sorting is a factor that makes it difficult to determine the phylogenetic relations between the radiation species. Radiation species are those species that descended from a common ancestor in a short time period. ILS has chances to be common between the commonly related species.
Expert Solution & Answer
Explanation of Solution
Incomplete lineage sorting is said to occur when a phylogenetic tree developed using a single gene that has differences compared to the tree developed for population or species level. ILS can come as a problematic cause for determining phylogenies because of its increased frequencies. Studies have shown common ancestry between the humans, chimpanzees, and the gorillas. Molecular studies show that ILS has a significant effect on the DNA variation of these species. ILS has caused polymorphism to inherit in two or more species that are descended from the same common ancestor. For example, studies have shown a significant relation between six alleles of humans and 4 alleles of chimpanzees of the same gene at “major histocompatibility” loci A and B. These two-locus are found in both the species and indicate that these loci have arose the method of gene duplication in their common ancestor before
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!
Students have asked these similar questions
In a study of a muscle disorder, several affected families exhibited vision problems, muscle weakness, and deafness (M. Zeviani et al. 1990. American Journal of Human Genetics 47:904–914). Analysis of the mtDNA from affected members of these families revealed that large numbers of their mtDNA molecules possessed deletions of varying lengths. Different members of the same family and even different mitochondria from the same person possessed deletions of different sizes, so the underlying defect appeared to be a tendency for the mtDNA of affected persons to have deletions. A pedigree of one of the families studied is shown below. The researchers concluded that this disorder is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, and they mapped the diseasecausing gene to a position on chromosome 10 in the nucleus.
Q. Explain how a mutation in a nuclear gene might lead to deletions in mtDNA.
Payne, B. A. et al. (2013) present evidence that a low level of heteroplasmic mtDNA exists in all tested healthy individuals. (a) What are two likely sources of such heteroplasmy? (b) What genetic conditions within a given mitochondrion are likely to contribute to such a variable pool of mitochondria?
A recent study examining the mutation rates of 5669 mammalian genes (17,208 sequences) indicates that, contrary to popular belief, mutation rates among lineages with vastly different generation lengths and physiological attributes are remarkably constant [Kumar, S., and Subramanian, S. (2002). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:803–808]. The average rate is estimated at 12.2 * 10-9 per bp per year. What is the significance of this finding in terms of mammalian evolution?
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- As shown in Figure 13-14, what is the fundamental distinction between a pair-rule gene and a segment-polaritygene?arrow_forwardA form of dwarfism known as Ellis–van Creveld syndrome was first discovered in the late 1930s, when Richard Ellis and Simon van Creveld shared a train compartment on the way to a pediatrics meeting. In the course of conversation, they discovered that they each had a patient with this syndrome. They published a description of the syndrome in 1940. Affected individuals have a short-limbed form of dwarfism and often have defects of the lips and teeth, and polydactyly (extra fingers). The largest pedigree for the condition was reported in an Old Order Amish population in eastern Pennsylvania by Victor McKusick and his colleagues (1964). In that community, about 5 per 1000 births are affected, and in the population of 8000, the observed frequency is 2 per 1000. All affected individuals have unaffected parents, and all affected cases can trace their ancestry to Samuel King and his wife, who arrived in the area in 1774. It is known that neither King nor his wife was affected with the…arrow_forwardWhat molecular biology principle is the basis for DNA fingerprinting?arrow_forward
- What is meant by the genetic conflict hypothesis?arrow_forwardHumans and chimpanzees share about 98% of their DNA. What is DNA? What might be the role of regulatory genes in producing the anatomical differences between these two lineages? Give two examples of how the field of genetics has revolutionized biological science. What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and why is it important in genetics?arrow_forwardComparisons between human and chimpanzee genomes indicate that a gene that may function as a wild-type or normal gene in one primate may function as a disease-causing gene in another [The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium (2005). Nature 437:69–87]. For instance, the PPARG locus (regulator of adipocyte differentiation) is a wild-type allele in chimps but is clearly associated with Type 2 diabetes in humans. What factors might cause this apparent contradiction? Would you consider such apparent contradictions to be rare or common? What impact might such findings have on the use of comparative genomics to identify and design therapies for disease-causing genes in humans?arrow_forward
- White throated sparrows have been called 'the bird with four sexes' because of their supergene. Within white throated sparrows there is 'disassortative mating' for alleles at this super gene - every breeding pair has one individual who has a tan throat, and one individual with a white throat (Tuttle et al. 2016, Current Biology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.069). Tan striped sparrows are homozygous whereas white striped sparrows are heterozygous. From this, we conclude which of the following about the super gene: White throat homozygotes could be inviable Tan alleles are haploinsufficent White alleles are 'poisonous' Multiple genes in the super gene are interactingarrow_forwardTraditional gene mapping has been applied successfully to a variety of organisms including yeast, fungi, maize, and Drosophila. However, human gene mapping has only recently shared a similar spotlight. What factors have delayed the application of traditional gene-mapping techniques in humans?arrow_forwardWhat are paralogous and orthologous genes? What are some of the explanations for the finding that humans are a much more complex organism than the roundworm C. elegans, yet have only about 5 percent more protein- coding genes (21,000 versus 20,000)?arrow_forward
- Which of the following is an example of how genotype and environmental factors can work together to determine phenotype? O a) Temperature-senitive mutations O b) Nutritional factors resulting in epigenetic modification of genes c) Sex-influenced inheritance O d) Both A and B O e) Both A and Carrow_forwardA group of scientists sequenced the genomes of 12 species of Drosophila (Drosophila 12 Genomes Consortium. 2007. Nature 450:203–218). Data on genome sizes and numbers of protein-encoding genes from this study are given in the accompanying table. Plot the number of protein-encoding genes as a function of genome size for the 12 species of Drosophila. Is there a relation between genome size and number of genes in fruit flies? How does this compare with the relation between genome size and number of genes across all eukaryotes?arrow_forwardHow does molecular biology paved way for the development of the DNA fingerprinting technique? and what is its molecular basis?arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781305389892
Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Discovering the tree of life | California Academy of Sciences; Author: California Academy of Sciences;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjvLQJ6PIiU;License: Standard Youtube License