EBK PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEER
9th Edition
ISBN: 8220100654428
Author: Jewett
Publisher: Cengage Learning US
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Chapter 16, Problem 16.32P
In a region far from the epicenter of an earthquake, a seismic wave can be modeled as transporting energy in a single direction without absorption, just as a string wave does. Suppose the seismic wave moves from granite into mudfill with similar density but with a much smaller bulk modulus. Assume the speed of the wave gradually drops by a factor of 25.0, with negligible reflection of the wave. (a) Explain whether the amplitude of the ground shaking will increase or decrease. (b) Does it change by a predictable factor? (This phenomenon led to the collapse of part of the Nimitz Freeway in Oakland, California, during the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989.)
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Question B3
Consider the following FLRW spacetime:
t2
ds² = -dt² +
(dx²
+ dy²+ dz²),
t2
where t is a constant.
a)
State whether this universe is spatially open, closed or flat.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Hubble factor H(t), and represent it in a (roughly drawn) plot as a function
of time t, starting at t = 0.
[3 marks]
c) Taking galaxy A to be located at (x, y, z) = (0,0,0), determine the proper distance to galaxy
B located at (x, y, z) = (L, 0, 0). Determine the recessional velocity of galaxy B with respect
to galaxy A.
d) The Friedmann equations are
2
k
8πG
а
4πG
+
a²
(p+3p).
3
a
3
[5 marks]
Use these equations to determine the energy density p(t) and the pressure p(t) for the
FLRW spacetime specified at the top of the page.
[5 marks]
e) Given the result of question B3.d, state whether the FLRW universe in question is (i)
radiation-dominated, (ii) matter-dominated, (iii) cosmological-constant-dominated, or (iv)
none of the previous. Justify your answer.
f)
[5 marks]
A conformally…
SECTION B
Answer ONLY TWO questions in Section B
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-B sub question.]
Question B1
Consider the line element
where w is a constant.
ds²=-dt²+e2wt dx²,
a) Determine the components of the metric and of the inverse metric.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Christoffel symbols. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[10 marks]
c)
Write down the geodesic equations.
[5 marks]
d) Show that e2wt it is a constant of geodesic motion.
[4 marks]
e)
Solve the geodesic equations for null geodesics.
[4 marks]
Page 2
SECTION A
Answer ALL questions in Section A
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-A sub question.]
Question A1
SPA6308 (2024)
Consider Minkowski spacetime in Cartesian coordinates th
=
(t, x, y, z), such that
ds² = dt² + dx² + dy² + dz².
(a) Consider the vector with components V" = (1,-1,0,0). Determine V and V. V.
(b) Consider now the coordinate system x' (u, v, y, z) such that
u =t-x,
v=t+x.
[2 marks]
Write down the line element, the metric, the Christoffel symbols and the Riemann curvature
tensor in the new coordinates. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[5 marks]
(c) Determine V", that is, write the object in question A1.a in the coordinate system x'. Verify
explicitly that V. V is invariant under the coordinate transformation.
Question A2
[5 marks]
Suppose that A, is a covector field, and consider the object
Fv=AAμ.
(a) Show explicitly that F is a tensor, that is, show that it transforms appropriately under a
coordinate transformation.
[5 marks]
(b)…
Chapter 16 Solutions
EBK PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEER
Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.1QQCh. 16 - A sinusoidal wave of frequency f is traveling...Ch. 16 - The amplitude of a wave is doubled, with no other...Ch. 16 - Suppose you create a pulse by moving the free end...Ch. 16 - Which of the following, taken by itself, would be...Ch. 16 - If one end of a heavy rope is attached to one end...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.2OQCh. 16 - Rank the waves represented by the following...Ch. 16 - By what factor would von have to multiply the...Ch. 16 - When all the strings on a guitar (Fig. OQ16.5) are...
Ch. 16 - Which of the following statements is not...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.7OQCh. 16 - Prob. 16.8OQCh. 16 - The distance between two successive peaks of a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.1CQCh. 16 - (a) How would you create a longitudinal wave in a...Ch. 16 - When a pulse travels on a taut string, does it...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.4CQCh. 16 - If you steadily shake one end of a taut rope three...Ch. 16 - (a) If a long rope is hung from a ceiling and...Ch. 16 - Why is a pulse on a string considered to be...Ch. 16 - Does the vertical speed of an element of a...Ch. 16 - In an earthquake, both S (transverse) and P...Ch. 16 - A seismographic station receives S and P waves...Ch. 16 - Ocean waves with a crest-to-crest distance of 10.0...Ch. 16 - At t = 0, a transverse pulse in a wire is...Ch. 16 - Two points A and B on the surface of the Earth are...Ch. 16 - A wave is described by y = 0.020 0 sin (kx - t),...Ch. 16 - A certain uniform string is held under constant...Ch. 16 - A sinusoidal wave is traveling along a rope. The...Ch. 16 - For a certain transverse wave, the distance...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.9PCh. 16 - When a particular wire is vibrating with a...Ch. 16 - The string shown in Figure P16.11 is driven at a...Ch. 16 - Consider the sinusoidal wave of Example 16.2 with...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.13PCh. 16 - (a) Plot y versus t at x = 0 for a sinusoidal wave...Ch. 16 - A transverse wave on a siring is described by the...Ch. 16 - A wave on a string is described by the wave...Ch. 16 - A sinusoidal wave is described by the wave...Ch. 16 - A sinusoidal wave traveling in the negative x...Ch. 16 - (a) Write the expression for y as a function of x...Ch. 16 - A transverse sinusoidal wave on a string has a...Ch. 16 - Review. The elastic limit of a steel wire is 2.70 ...Ch. 16 - A piano siring having a mass per unit length equal...Ch. 16 - Transverse waves travel with a speed of 20.0 m/s...Ch. 16 - A student taking a quiz finds on a reference sheet...Ch. 16 - An Ethernet cable is 4.00 in long. The cable has a...Ch. 16 - A transverse traveling wave on a taut wire has an...Ch. 16 - A steel wire of length 30.0 m and a copper wire of...Ch. 16 - Why is the following situation impossible? An...Ch. 16 - Tension is maintained in a string as in Figure...Ch. 16 - Review. A light string with a mass per unit length...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.31PCh. 16 - In a region far from the epicenter of an...Ch. 16 - Transverse waves are being generated on a rope...Ch. 16 - Sinusoidal waves 5.00 cm in amplitude are to be...Ch. 16 - A sinusoidal wave on a string is described by die...Ch. 16 - A taut tope has a mass of 0.180 kg and a length...Ch. 16 - A long string carries a wave; a 6.00-m segment of...Ch. 16 - A horizontal string can transmit a maximum power...Ch. 16 - The wave function for a wave on a taut siring is...Ch. 16 - A two-dimensional water wave spreads in circular...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.41PCh. 16 - Prob. 16.42PCh. 16 - Show that the wave function y = eb(x vt) is a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.44PCh. 16 - Prob. 16.45APCh. 16 - The wave is a particular type of pulse that can...Ch. 16 - A sinusoidal wave in a rope is described by the...Ch. 16 - The ocean floor in underlain by a layer of basalt...Ch. 16 - Review. A 2.00-kg I Jock hangs from a rubber cord,...Ch. 16 - Review. A block of mass M hangs from a rubber...Ch. 16 - A transverse wave on a sting described by the wave...Ch. 16 - A sinusoidal wave in a string is described by the...Ch. 16 - Review. A block of mass M, supported by a string,...Ch. 16 - An undersea earthquake or a landslide can produce...Ch. 16 - Review. A block of mass M = 0.450 kg is attached...Ch. 16 - Review. A block of mass M = 0.450 kg is attached...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.57APCh. 16 - Prob. 16.58APCh. 16 - A wire of density is tapered so that its...Ch. 16 - A rope of total mass m and length L is suspended...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.61APCh. 16 - Prob. 16.62APCh. 16 - Review. An aluminum wire is held between two...Ch. 16 - Assume an object of mass M is suspended from the...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16.65CPCh. 16 - A string on a musical instrument is held under...Ch. 16 - If a loop of chain is spun at high speed, it can...
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