Chapter 16, Problem 16.107P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A wedge-bond structure of chloroform has to be drawn; the most effective direction of iodide ion $\left({\text{I}}^{\text{-}}\right)$ attack has to be indicated.

Concept Introduction:

Molecular geometry: The term molecular geometry refers to the 3-dimensional shape of the molecule by which the molecule is occupying in space with all its surrounding atoms or ions and/or lone pair of electrons.

Hybridization is the phenomenon of intermixing of the atomic orbitals of different energy that results in the formation of a new set of hybrid orbitals which have equivalent energies. The various types of atomic orbitals are: s, p, and d orbitals. Types of hybridization that involves s, p and d orbitals are $\text{sp,}{\text{sp}}^{\text{2}}\text{,}{\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{,}{\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{d,}{\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{d}}^{\text{2}}\text{,}{\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{d}}^{\text{3}}.$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A wedge bond structure of product has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Molecular geometry: The term molecular geometry refers to the 3-dimensional shape of the molecule by which the molecule is occupying in space with all its surrounding atoms or ions and/or lone pair of electrons.

Hybridization is the phenomenon of intermixing of the atomic orbitals of different energy that results in the formation of a new set of hybrid orbitals which have equivalent energies. The various types of atomic orbitals are: s, p, and d orbitals. Types of hybridization that involves s, p and d orbitals are $\text{sp,}{\text{sp}}^{\text{2}}\text{,}{\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{,}{\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{d,}{\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{d}}^{\text{2}}\text{,}{\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{d}}^{\text{3}}.$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given structure possessing no optical activity has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Optical isomerism of substituted alkanes:

Optical isomers are non-superimposable mirror images. The carbon atom attached with four different substituents or group of atoms is known as chiral centre asymmetric carbon.