To analyze:
Determine the approach by which two-hybrid method facilitate the discovery of protein- protein interactions. Explain the reason for the false-positive results (where the proteins encoded by two clones interact in the two-hybrid system but do not interact in the organism in which they naturally exist) obtained sometimes. Also the reason for the occurrence of false – negative (where the two proteins interact in vivo but fail to interact in the two-hybrid system) results.
Introduction:
There are many high-throughput technologies developed for proteomic analyses, including techniques to study protein expression, modification, and protein-protein interactions. The study of protein- protein interactions show whether and how different proteins interact, and provide information on the functioning of biological systems by identifying sets of proteins that form complexes. Two hybrid methods are successfully applied to many model systems, providing information on their protein interaction networks.
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Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach (3rd Edition)
- In DNA-hybridization experiments on six species of plants in the genus Vicia, DNA was isolated from each of the six species, denatured by heating, and sheared into small fragments (W. Y. Chooi. 1971. Genetics 68:213–230). In one experiment, DNA from each species and from E. coli was allowed to renature. The graph shows the results of this renaturation experiment. Q. Can you explain why the E. coli DNA renatures at a much faster rate than does DNA from any of the Vicia species?arrow_forwardDescribe the outcome of a chain-terminator sequencing procedure in which (a) too little ddNTP is added or (b) too much ddNTP is added.arrow_forwardYou are analyzing cells that express a fusion gene encoding a FLAG-tagged protein of interest. Upon amino acid sequence analysis, you find that the FLAG protein sequence aligns to the sequence at the end of the fusion protein sequence you have. Where is the tag sequence located? Group of answer choices At the 5’ end of the gene and the C-term of your protein of interest At the 5’ end of the gene and the N-term of your protein of interest At the 3’ end of the gene and the C-term of your protein of interest At the 3’ end of the gene and the N-term of your protein of interestarrow_forward
- DNA from a strain of Bacillus subtilis with genotype a+ b+ c+ d+ e+ is used to transform a strain with genotype a– b– c– d– e–. Pairs of genes are checked for co-transformation and results shown below are obtained. Based on these results, what is the order of the genes on the bacterial chromosome? please show how you worked out the order by diagraming, thank you! Pair of genes Co-transformation a+ and b+ no a+ and c+ no a+ and d+ yes a+ and e+ yes b+ and c+ yes b+ and d+ no b+ and e+ no c+ and d+ no c+ and e+ yes d+ and e+ noarrow_forwardWhat are site-recombinases? Describe in detail how cre- recombinase can be used to decipher the roles of specific genes and proteins in complex multicellular organisms? Explain how the cre-lox system can be used to examine the role of a particular gene in a specific type of tissue?arrow_forwardYou are analyzing cells that express a fusion gene encoding a FLAG-tagged protein of interest. Upon amino acid sequence analysis, you find that the FLAG protein sequence aligns to the sequence at the end of the fusion protein sequence you have. Where is the tag sequence located? At the 5’ end of the gene and the C-term of your protein of interest At the 5’ end of the gene and the N-term of your protein of interest At the 3’ end of the gene and the N-term of your protein of interest At the 3’ end of the gene and the C-term of your protein of interestarrow_forward
- The technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is described. This is another method for examining sequence complexity within a genome. In this method, a DNA sequence, such as a particular gene sequence, can be detected within an intact chromosome by using a DNA probe that is complementary to the sequence.For example, let’s consider the β-globin gene, which isfound on human chromosome 11. A probe complementary to theβ-globin gene binds to that gene and shows up as a brightly colored spot on human chromosome 11. In this way, researchers can detectwhere the β-globin gene is located within a set of chromosomes. Becausethe β-globin gene is unique and because human cells are diploid(i.e., have two copies of each chromosome), a FISH experimentshows two bright spots per cell; the probe binds to each copy ofchromosome 11. What would you expect to see if you used thefollowing types of probes?A. A probe complementary to the Alu sequenceB. A probe complementary to a tandem array near…arrow_forwardIn the experiment of Figure shown, Lederberg and Tatum could notdiscern whether met+ bio+ genetic material was transferred to themet− bio− thr+ leu+ thi+ strain or if thr+ leu+ thi+ genetic materialwas transferred to the met+ bio+ thr− leu− thi− strain. Let’s supposethat one strain is streptomycin-resistant (say, met+ bio+ thr− leu−thi−) and the other strain is sensitive to streptomycin. Describe anexperiment that could determine whether the met+ bio+ geneticmaterial was transferred to the met − bio− thr+ leu+ thi+ strain orthe thr+ leu+ thi+ genetic material was transferred to the met+ bio+thr− leu− thi− strain. bio+ thr− leu− thi− strain.arrow_forwardDescribe the outcome of a chain-terminator sequencing procedure in which (a) too few primers are present or (b) an excess of primers is present.arrow_forward
- With the many high throughput experiments that are used in biomedical research, how are some ways to integrate those datasets using systems biology? For example, if you had a microarray dataset that annotated gene expression levels and a proteomics dataset that identifed protein interactions, how could you jointly use both datasets to identify markers for a disease? Explain each step.arrow_forwardSelect all that apply: A SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) is similar to an STR (short tandem repeat) in that: a) an individual can have many different copies of specific SNP or STR b) they both cause diseases c)they are sequences that have many possible variants d) an individual has one copy of this region of the genome from each parent.arrow_forwardBeadle and Tatum's experiments led to the "one gene - one enzyme (protein)" hypothesis. In subsequent years, many exceptions to this hypothesis were noted. A molecule of hemoglobin fails to support this hypothesis for which of the following reasons? n eukaryotes, one gene can code form multiple isoforms of a polypeptide. The functional hemoglobin protein is made from multiple polypeptides. Not all enzymes are proteins. Not all genes encode proteins.arrow_forward
- Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning