The effects of dopamine and acetylcholine on the brain. Concept Introduction: Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers secreted by the neurosecretory nerve cells. They transmit the impulse and signal across the nerve cells to the target site. Dopamine, acetylcholine, adrenalin are some of the neurotransmitters.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To discuss:

The effects of dopamine and acetylcholine on the brain.

Concept Introduction:

Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers secreted by the neurosecretory nerve cells. They transmit the impulse and signal across the nerve cells to the target site. Dopamine, acetylcholine, adrenalin are some of the neurotransmitters.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Both dopamine and acetylcholine are important neurotransmitters. Dopamine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, while acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter. Dopamine involved in motor control functions like muscle movement, motivation, arousal, and reward. Acetylcholine involves muscle contraction and parasympathetic effect. A perfect balance between these two neurotransmitters regulates the muscle tone, posture, and voluntary movements. In Parkinson’s disease, acetylcholine level increases followed by the increased level of dopamine.

Conclusion

Both dopamine and acetylcholine induce imbalance in the brain and result in abnormal muscle coordination.

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Considering the kcals the patient is receiving from propofol and D51⁄2NS, what should be the rate (ml/hr) of the tube feeding you selected? 30 ml/hr 45 ml/hr 55 ml/hr 65 ml/hr

You are seeing a 68 year-old male patient admitted to the ICU. He is sedated on the ventilator with propofol at 20ml/hr, D51⁄2NS running at 75ml/hr. and a past medical history of DM2, obesity, CAD, HTN, and Pneumonia. Ht 172cm, Wt 72kg, Alb 2.3, VE=7.9 L/min, Tmax =38.4 C 4.1 What is the total kcal this patient is receiving before the initiation of TF (Hint: include propofol and D51⁄2 NS in calculation)? 306 kcal 528 kcal 678 kcal 834 kcal What is the estimated kcal goal for this patient? 1787 kcal 1847 kcal 1927 kcal 2317 kcal What is the estimated protein need for this patient? 45 – 50 g/day 86 – 108g/day 108 – 180g/day 144 – 188 g/day What type of tube feeding formula would you recommend for this patient? Standard 1.5 kcal/ml formula Glycemic control product, 1.0 kcal/ml Low residue, high protein, nutritionally balanced,1.2 kcal/ml High protein, calorie control product, 2.0 kcal/ml

You are seeing a 68 year-old male patient admitted to the ICU. He is sedated on the ventilator with propofol at 20ml/hr, D51⁄2NS running at 75ml/hr. and a past medical history of DM2, obesity, CAD, HTN, and Pneumonia. Ht 172cm, Wt 72kg, Alb 2.3, VE=7.9 L/min, Tmax =38.4 C 4.1 What is the total kcal this patient is receiving before the initiation of TF (Hint: include propofol and D51⁄2 NS in calculation)? 306 kcal 528 kcal 678 kcal 834 kcal Which estimated prediction equation will you recommend to calculate the kcal need for this patient? Penn State Equation (2003b): Mifflin(0.96)+ VE (31) + Tmax (167)-6212 MifflinStJeor =(10xW)+(6.25xHt)–(5xAge)+5 Harris-Benedict equation: kcal/day (male) = 66 +13.8 (W) + 5.0(H) – (6.8 x A) Ireton-Jones equations (1992)(ventilator-dependent): 1925 – 10 (A) + 5 (W) + 281 (S) + 292 (T) + 851 (B) What is the estimated kcal goal for this patient? 1787 kcal 1847 kcal 1927 kcal 2317 kcal What is the…

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To discuss:

The effects of dopamine and acetylcholine on the brain.

Concept Introduction:

Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers secreted by the neurosecretory nerve cells. They transmit the impulse and signal across the nerve cells to the target site. Dopamine, acetylcholine, adrenalin are some of the neurotransmitters.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Both dopamine and acetylcholine are important neurotransmitters. Dopamine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, while acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter. Dopamine involved in motor control functions like muscle movement, motivation, arousal, and reward. Acetylcholine involves muscle contraction and parasympathetic effect. A perfect balance between these two neurotransmitters regulates the muscle tone, posture, and voluntary movements. In Parkinson’s disease, acetylcholine level increases followed by the increased level of dopamine.

Conclusion

Both dopamine and acetylcholine induce imbalance in the brain and result in abnormal muscle coordination.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To discuss:

The effects of dopamine and acetylcholine on the brain.

Concept Introduction:

Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers secreted by the neurosecretory nerve cells. They transmit the impulse and signal across the nerve cells to the target site. Dopamine, acetylcholine, adrenalin are some of the neurotransmitters.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Both dopamine and acetylcholine are important neurotransmitters. Dopamine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, while acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter. Dopamine involved in motor control functions like muscle movement, motivation, arousal, and reward. Acetylcholine involves muscle contraction and parasympathetic effect. A perfect balance between these two neurotransmitters regulates the muscle tone, posture, and voluntary movements. In Parkinson’s disease, acetylcholine level increases followed by the increased level of dopamine.

Conclusion

Both dopamine and acetylcholine induce imbalance in the brain and result in abnormal muscle coordination.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 15, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To discuss:

The effects of dopamine and acetylcholine on the brain.

Concept Introduction:

Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers secreted by the neurosecretory nerve cells. They transmit the impulse and signal across the nerve cells to the target site. Dopamine, acetylcholine, adrenalin are some of the neurotransmitters.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Both dopamine and acetylcholine are important neurotransmitters. Dopamine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, while acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter. Dopamine involved in motor control functions like muscle movement, motivation, arousal, and reward. Acetylcholine involves muscle contraction and parasympathetic effect. A perfect balance between these two neurotransmitters regulates the muscle tone, posture, and voluntary movements. In Parkinson’s disease, acetylcholine level increases followed by the increased level of dopamine.

Conclusion

Both dopamine and acetylcholine induce imbalance in the brain and result in abnormal muscle coordination.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 15, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To discuss:

The effects of dopamine and acetylcholine on the brain.

Concept Introduction:

Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers secreted by the neurosecretory nerve cells. They transmit the impulse and signal across the nerve cells to the target site. Dopamine, acetylcholine, adrenalin are some of the neurotransmitters.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Both dopamine and acetylcholine are important neurotransmitters. Dopamine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, while acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter. Dopamine involved in motor control functions like muscle movement, motivation, arousal, and reward. Acetylcholine involves muscle contraction and parasympathetic effect. A perfect balance between these two neurotransmitters regulates the muscle tone, posture, and voluntary movements. In Parkinson’s disease, acetylcholine level increases followed by the increased level of dopamine.

Conclusion

Both dopamine and acetylcholine induce imbalance in the brain and result in abnormal muscle coordination.

Answer 6

Chapter 15, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To discuss:

The effects of dopamine and acetylcholine on the brain.

Concept Introduction:

Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers secreted by the neurosecretory nerve cells. They transmit the impulse and signal across the nerve cells to the target site. Dopamine, acetylcholine, adrenalin are some of the neurotransmitters.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Both dopamine and acetylcholine are important neurotransmitters. Dopamine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, while acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter. Dopamine involved in motor control functions like muscle movement, motivation, arousal, and reward. Acetylcholine involves muscle contraction and parasympathetic effect. A perfect balance between these two neurotransmitters regulates the muscle tone, posture, and voluntary movements. In Parkinson’s disease, acetylcholine level increases followed by the increased level of dopamine.

Conclusion

Both dopamine and acetylcholine induce imbalance in the brain and result in abnormal muscle coordination.

Answer 7

Chapter 15, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To discuss:

The effects of dopamine and acetylcholine on the brain.

Concept Introduction:

Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers secreted by the neurosecretory nerve cells. They transmit the impulse and signal across the nerve cells to the target site. Dopamine, acetylcholine, adrenalin are some of the neurotransmitters.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Both dopamine and acetylcholine are important neurotransmitters. Dopamine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, while acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter. Dopamine involved in motor control functions like muscle movement, motivation, arousal, and reward. Acetylcholine involves muscle contraction and parasympathetic effect. A perfect balance between these two neurotransmitters regulates the muscle tone, posture, and voluntary movements. In Parkinson’s disease, acetylcholine level increases followed by the increased level of dopamine.