Chapter 15, Problem 15.3TC

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The molecular geometry, polarity and the strongest intermolecular force present in ${\text{CH}}_4$ is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Geometry of a molecule is the arrangement of atoms of a molecule in space. Geometry is dependent on the number of bond pairs, lone pairs and valence electrons of central atom. Polarity is defined as the tendency of atoms of a molecule to attract the electrons of the bond pairs towards itself.

Answer to Problem 15.3TC

The geometry, polarity and intermolecular force present in ${\text{CH}}_4$ is stated below.

Geometry is tetrahedral.

Polarity of methane is zero. It means ${\text{CH}}_4$ is non polar.

The strongest intermolecular force present is induced dipole.

Explanation of Solution

Methane, ${\text{CH}}_4$ contains carbon as the central atom. Carbon has four valence electrons and form four bond pairs. Carbon has no lone pair in the structure. So, geometry and shape both are tetrahedral. Polarity is determined by position and the nature of surrounding atoms present in the molecule. All surrounding atoms of carbon are same and they are arranged in tetrahedral manner. Therefore, methane is a non polar molecule. Intermolecular forces means force betweeen two are more molecules. Methane is a non polar molecule. So, intermolecular force present is induced dipole. In presence of a polar molecule, methane also becomes a polar molecule. The force which exists between such types of molecule is known as induced dipole force.

Structure of methane is shown below.

Figure 1

Therefore, methane is tetrahedral, non-polar and strongest intermolecular forces are induced dipole.

Conclusion

Geometry of methane is tetrahedral methane is non polar and the strongest intermolecular force present in methane is induced dipole.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The geometry, polarity and the strongest intermolecular force present in ${\text{CO}}_2$ is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Geometry of a molecule of a molecule is the arrangements of atoms of a molecule in space. Geometry is depends on the number of bond pairs, lone pairs and valence electrons of central atom. Polarity is defined as the tendency of atoms of a molecule to attract the bond pairs towards itself.

Answer to Problem 15.3TC

The geometry, polarity and the strongest intermolecular force present in ${\text{CO}}_2$ is stated below.

Geometry is linear.

Polarity of carbon dioxide is zero. It means ${\text{CO}}_2$ is non polar.

Strongest intermolecular force present is induced dipole.

Explanation of Solution

Carbon dioxide ${\text{CO}}_2$ is having carbon has central atom. Carbon has four valence electrons and four bond pairs. Carbon has no lone pair in this structure. So geometry and shape both are linear. Polarity is determined by position and the nature of surrounding atoms present in the molecule. All surrounding atoms of carbon are same in nature and they are in linear manner. So, carbon dioxide becomes non polar molecule. Intermolecular forces means force betweeen two are more molecules. Carbon dioxide is a non polar molecule. So, intermolecular forcee present is induced dipole. It means due to the present of a polar molecule carbon dioxide also becomes a polar molecule. The force exists between such types of molecule is known as induced dipole.

Structure of carbon dioxie is shown below.

Figure 2

Therefore, carbon dioxide is linear, non-polar and the strongest intermolecular force present is induced dipole.

Conclusion

Geometry of carbon dioxide is linear, polarity is zero means non polar molecule and the strongest intermolecular force present is induced dipole.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The geometry, polarity and the strongest intermolecular force present in ${\text{OF}}_{\text{2}}$ is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Geometry of a molecule of a molecule is the arrangements of atoms of a molecule in space. Geometry is depends on the number of bond pairs, lone pairs and valence electrons of central atom. Polarity is defined as the tendency of atoms of a molecule to attract the bond pairs towards itself.

Answer to Problem 15.3TC

The geometry, polarity and intermolecular force present in ${\text{OF}}_{\text{2}}$ is stated below.

Geometry is bent.

Polarity of ${\text{OF}}_{\text{2}}$ is not zero. It means ${\text{OF}}_{\text{2}}$ is polar.

Strongest intermolecular force present in ${\text{OF}}_{\text{2}}$ is dipole dipole interaction.

Explanation of Solution

Oxygen difluoride ${\text{OF}}_{\text{2}}$ is having oxygen has central atom. Oxygen has six valence electrons and two bond pairs. Oxygen has two lone pair in this structure. So geometry and shape both are different. Geometry is bent and structure is tetrahedral. Polarity is determined by position and the nature of surrounding atoms present in the molecule. Surrounding atoms of oxygen are same in nature and they are in bent fashion. So, oxygen difluoride becomes polar molecule due to different atmosphere of lone and bond pair. Intermolecular forces means force betweeen two are more molecules. Oxygen difluoride is a polar molecule. So, intermolecular forcee present is dipole dipole interaction which means polar molecule having dipole interacts with a polar molecule having non zero dipole.

Structure of oxygen difluoride is shown below.

Figure 3

Therefore, oxygen difluoride is bent, polar, and the strongest intermolecular force present is dipole-dipole.

Conclusion

Geometry of oxygen difluoride is bent, polarity is non-zero means polar molecule and the strongest intermolecular force present is dipole dipole interaction.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The geometry, polarity and the strongest intermolecular force present in $\text{HOCl}$ is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Geometry of a molecule of a molecule is the arrangements of atoms of a molecule in space. Geometry is depends on the number of bond pairs, lone pairs and valence electrons of central atom. Polarity is defined as the tendency of atoms of a molecule to attract the bond pairs towards itself.

Answer to Problem 15.3TC

The geometry, polarity and intermolecular force present in $\text{HOCl}$ is stated below.

Geometry is bent.

Polarity of $\text{HOCl}$ is not zero. It means $\text{HOCl}$ is polar.

The strongest intermolecular force present is hydrogen bonding.

Explanation of Solution

Chloric acid $\left(\text{HOCl}\right)$ is having oxygen has central atom. Oxygen has six valence electrons and two bond pairs. Oxygen has two lone pair in this structure. So geometry and shape both are different. Geometry is bent and structure is tetrahedral. Polarity is determined by position and the nature of surrounding atoms present in the molecule. Surrounding atoms of oxygen are different in nature and they are in bent fashion. So, chloric acid becomes polar molecule due to different atmosphere of lone and bond pair. Intermolecular forces means force betweeen two are more molecules. Chloric acid is a polar molecule with hydrogen as one of the surrounding atom. Force present between a molecule with an electronegative atom and hydrogen atom is known as hydrogen bonding. So, intermolecular forcee present is hydrogen bonding.

Structure of chloric acid is shown below.

Figure 4

Therefore, chloric acid is bent, polar and the strongest force present is hydrogen bonding.

Conclusion

Geometry of chloric acid is bent, polarity is non-zero means polar molecule and the strongest intermolecular force present is hydrogen bonding.