Concept explainers
Videos
What are the two main types of cell-cell adhesive junctions in vertebrates, and how do their attachments to the cytoskeleton differ? What advantages might there be for these junctions to be attached to the cytoskeleton?
To determine: The two main types of cell-cell adhesive junctions in vertebrates and how do their attachments to the cytoskeleton differ.
Introduction: The organization of multi-cellular organisms is best understood on understanding the connection between cells, or in other words, cell-cell adhesions. Junctions are used by the cells to attach to one another. Transmembrane proteins are used to link the cell surface to the cytoskeleton. Extracellular matrix plays an important role in cell-cell adhesion and cell-cell communication.
Explanation of Solution
Linkage of cells together to form tissue is done with the help of adhesive junctions.
The two main types of cell-cell adhesive junctions are as follows:
- Adherens junctions:
They participate in cell-cell attachment and are prominent in epithelial cells. Cadherins are the transmembrane proteins which help the adherens junctions to attach two adjacent cells together.
- Desmosome:
They participate in cell-cell attachment and are found in tissues experiencing mechanical stress such as heart muscle, and the uterus. The main purpose of desmosomes is to provide structural support to the tissues so that they can bear the mechanical stress.
The main difference between the methods of attachment between the adherens junctions and the desmosomes is that adherens junctions form continuous zones of attachment, whereas desmosomes form localized points of attachment. The continuous zone of attachment formed by the adherens junctions encircles the cell near the apical end of the lateral membrane. Desmosomes on the other hand act as button-like points joining two adjacent cells together.
To explain: The advantages of adhesive junctions to be attached to the cytoskeleton.
Introduction: The organization of multi-cellular organisms is best understood on understanding the connection between cells, or in other words, cell-cell adhesions. Junctions are used by the cells to attach to one another. Transmembrane proteins are used to link the cell surface to the cytoskeleton. Extracellular matrix plays an important role in cell-cell adhesion and cell-cell communication
Explanation of Solution
Adhesive junctions link the cells together and help them in forming a tissue. Linker proteins attach the transmembrane adhesion proteins such as cadherins to the cytoskeleton.
The advantage of attaching adhesive junction to the cytoskeleton is as follows:
- Desmosomes are a type of adhesive junction and these protect the cell from the mechanical stress experienced by the tissues such as heart tissue, and uterus. The cell reacts to mechanical stress by communicating with each other through these junctions.
Therefore, in order to react to the mechanical stress and orient the cytoskeleton accordingly adhesive junctions are attached to the cytoskeleton.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 15 Solutions
Becker's World of the Cell (9th Edition)
- calculate the questions showing the solution including variables,unit and equations all the questiosn below using the data a) B1, b) B2, c) hybrid rate constant (1) d) hybrid rate constant (2) e) t1/2,dist f) t1/2,elim g) k10 h) k12 i) k21 j) initial concentration (C0) k) central compartment volume (V1) l) steady-state volume (Vss) m) clearance (CL) AUC (0→10 min) using trapezoidal rule n) AUC (20→30 min) using trapezoidal rule o) AUCtail (AUC360→∞) p) total AUC (using short cut method) q) volume from AUC (VAUC)arrow_forwardQUESTION 8 For the following pedigree, assume that the mode of inheritance is X-linked recessive, and that the trait has full penetrance and expressivity and occurs at a very low frequency in the hum population. Using XA for the dominant allele and Xa for the recessive allele, assign genotypes for the following individuals (if it is not possible to figure out the second allele of a genotype, that with an underscore): 2 m 1 2 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 IV 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 CO 9 10 12 13 V 1, 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 a. Il-1: b. 11-2: c. III-3: d. III-4: e. If individuals IV-11 and IV-12 have another child, what is the probability that they will have a boy with the disorder?arrow_forwardAnswerrarrow_forward
- please,show workings ahd solutions calculate the questions showing the solution including variables,unit and equations all the questiosn below using the data a) B1, b) B2, c) hybrid rate constant (1) d) hybrid rate constant (2) e) t1/2,dist f) t1/2,elim g) k10 h) k12 i) k21 j) initial concentration (C0) k) central compartment volume (V1) l) steady-state volume (Vss) m) clearance (CL) AUC (0→10 min) using trapezoidal rule n) AUC (20→30 min) using trapezoidal rule o) AUCtail (AUC360→∞) p) total AUC (using short cut method) q) volume from AUC (VAUC)arrow_forwardQuestion about consensus and the relationship to transcriptional activityarrow_forwardQuestion about archaea and eukaryotic general transcription homologsarrow_forward
- Question about general transcription factors and their relationship to polymerasesarrow_forwardIdentify the indicated structure?arrow_forwardrewrite: Problem 1 (Mental Health): The survivor victim is dealing with acute stress and symptoms of a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to their traumatic experience during the January 2025 wildfire. Goal 1: To alleviate the client's overall level, frequency, and intensity of anxiety and PTSD symptoms so that daily functioning remains unimpaired. Objective 1: The client will learn and regularly use at least two anxieties management techniques to reduce anxiety symptoms to less than three episodes per week. Intervention 1: The therapist will provide psychoeducation about anxiety and PTSD, including their symptoms and triggers. The therapist will also teach and assist the client in adopting relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing exercises and progressive muscle relaxation, to better manage anxiety and lessen PTSD symptoms.arrow_forward
- O Macmillan Learning You have 0.100 M solutions of acetic acid (pKa = 4.76) and sodium acetate. If you wanted to prepare 1.00 L of 0.100 M acetate buffer of pH 4.00, how many milliliters of acetic acid and sodium acetate would you add? acetic acid: mL sodium acetate: mLarrow_forwardHow does the cost of food affect the nutritional choices people make?arrow_forwardBiopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics:Two-Compartment Model Zero-Order Absorption Questions SHOW ALL WORK, including equation used, variables used and each step to your solution, report your regression lines and axes names (with units if appropriate) :Calculate a-q a) B1, b) B2, c) hybrid rate constant (1) d) hybrid rate constant (2) e) t1/2,dist f) t1/2,elim g) k10 h) k12 i) k21 j) initial concentration (C0) k) central compartment volume (V1) l) steady-state volume (Vss) m) clearance (CL) AUC (0→10 min) using trapezoidal rule n) AUC (20→30 min) using trapezoidal rule o) AUCtail (AUC360→∞) p) total AUC (using short cut method) q) volume from AUC (VAUC)arrow_forward
Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage Learning
Concepts of BiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168116Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James WisePublisher:OpenStax College
Biology Today and Tomorrow without Physiology (Mi...BiologyISBN:9781305117396Author:Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa StarrPublisher:Cengage Learning
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning
Human Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305112100Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning
Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage Learning