Chapter 15, Problem 11P

(a1)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason why do blood glucose and galactose increase and then decrease in healthy individuals during the lactose intolerance test in case A.

Introduction:

Lactose intolerance is a condition in which the people are unable to digest and process lactose (sugar in the milk.) This is because of the lack of an enzyme called as lactase. In this condition, the patient develops diarrhea and vomiting after ingestion of milk. This is because the patients cannot process the lactose into glucose and galactose.

(a2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason behind the rise in blood galactose and glucose in lactose intolerant patients in case A.

Introduction: Lactose intolerance is a condition in which the peoples are unable to digest and process lactose (sugar in the milk.) This is because of the lack of an enzyme called as lactase. In this condition, the patient develops vomiting and diarrhea after ingestion of milk. This is because the patients cannot process the lactose into glucose and galactose.

(b1)

Summary Introduction

To determine:  The reason behind the higher concentration of reducing sugars in patients after milk ingestion in case B.

Introduction:

Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase deficiency (GALT) deficiency is a condition in which an individual lacks the enzyme called as galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase that is responsible for the production of the glucose from the reducing sugars such as galactose.

(b2)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason behind the appearance of galactose in urine in the patients in case B.

Introduction: Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase deficiency (GALT) deficiency is a condition in which an individual lacks the enzyme called as galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase that is responsible for the production of the glucose from the reducing sugars such as galactose.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine:  The reason for the accumulation of high concentration of glycogen in patient due to performing strenuous physical exercise in case C.

Introduction:

Glycogen storage disease type V is a deficiency disorder affecting the muscle in which glycogen phosphorylase enzymes are lacked in the muscle cells. The glycogen phosphorylase enzyme that is present in the muscle cells helps to covert glycogen into glucose molecule. Glucose is responsible for functioning of muscle cells.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine:  The reason behind the low blood glucose level in case D patient.

Introduction:

Glycogen storage disease type VI deficiency is a disorder that affects the liver in which glycogen phosphorylase enzymes are lacked in the liver cells. The patient is lethargic with enlarged liver. Biopsy reveals large amount of excess glycogen but lower level of blood glucose.