Excursions in Mathematics, Loose-Leaf Edition Plus MyLab Math with Pearson eText -- 18 Week Access Card Package
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780136208754
Author: Tannenbaum, Peter
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 14, Problem 66E
Leading-question bias. The way the questions in many surveys are phrased can itself be a source of bias. When a question is worded in such a way as to predispose the respondent to provide a particular response, the results of the survey are tainted by a special type of bias called leading-question bias. The following is an extreme hypothetical situation intended to drive the point home. In an effort to find out how the American taxpayer feels about a tax increase, the Institute for Tax Reform conducts a “scientific” one question poll.
Are you in favor of paying higher taxes to bail the federal government out of its disastrous economic policies and its mismanagement of the federal budget? Yes . No . Ninety-five percent of the respondents answered no.
a. Explain why the results of this survey might be invalid.
b. Rephrase the question in a neutral way. Pay particular attention to highly charged words.
c. Make up your own (more subtle) example of leading question bias. Analyze the critical words that are the cause of bias.
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1.
2.
Show that the following are not logically equivalent by finding a counterexample:
(p^q) →r and
(db) V (d←d)
Show that the following is not a contradiction by finding a counterexample:
(pV-q) AqA (pv¬q Vr)
3.
Here is a purported proof that (pq) ^ (q → p) = F:
(db) v (bd) = (db) v (bd)
=(qVp) A (g→p)
= (¬¬q V ¬p) ^ (q→ p)
(db) V (db) =
=¬(a→p)^(a→p)
= (gp) ^¬(a → p)
=F
(a) Show that (pq) ^ (q→p) and F are not logically equivalent by finding a counterex-
ample.
(b) Identify the error(s) in this proof and justify why they are errors. Justify the other steps
with their corresponding laws of propositional logic.
Question 2: When John started his first job, his first end-of-year salary was $82,500. In the following years, he received salary raises as shown in the following table.
Fill the Table: Fill the following table showing his end-of-year salary for each year. I have already provided the end-of-year salaries for the first three years. Calculate the end-of-year salaries for the remaining years using Excel. (If you Excel answer for the top 3 cells is not the same as the one in the following table, your formula / approach is incorrect) (2 points)
Geometric Mean of Salary Raises: Calculate the geometric mean of the salary raises using the percentage figures provided in the second column named “% Raise”. (The geometric mean for this calculation should be nearly identical to the arithmetic mean. If your answer deviates significantly from the mean, it's likely incorrect. 2 points)
Hint for the first part of question 2: To assist you with filling out the table in the first part of the question,…
Chapter 14 Solutions
Excursions in Mathematics, Loose-Leaf Edition Plus MyLab Math with Pearson eText -- 18 Week Access Card Package
Ch. 14 - As part of a sixth-grade class project the teacher...Ch. 14 - As part of a sixth-grade class project the teacher...Ch. 14 - Madison County has a population of 34,522 people....Ch. 14 - Madison County has a population of 34,522 people....Ch. 14 - A big concert was held at the Bowl. Men and women...Ch. 14 - A large jar contains an unknown number of red...Ch. 14 - You want to estimate how many fish there are in a...Ch. 14 - To estimate the population in a rookery, 4965 fur...Ch. 14 - To count whale populations, the capture is done by...Ch. 14 - The critically endangered Mauis dolphin is...
Ch. 14 - Exercises 11 and 12 refer to Chapmans correction....Ch. 14 - Exercises 11 and 12 refer to Chapmans correction....Ch. 14 - Starting in 2004, a study to determine the number...Ch. 14 - Exercises 25 through 28 refer to the following...Ch. 14 - Name the sampling method that best describes each...Ch. 14 - An audit is performed on last years 15, 000...Ch. 14 - Exercise17 through 20 refer to the following...Ch. 14 - Exercise17 through 20 refer to the following...Ch. 14 - Exercise17 through 20 refer to the following...Ch. 14 - Exercise17 through 20 refer to the following...Ch. 14 - Prob. 21ECh. 14 - Prob. 22ECh. 14 - Prob. 23ECh. 14 - Prob. 24ECh. 14 - Exercises 25 through 28 refer to the following...Ch. 14 - Exercises 25 through 28 refer to the following...Ch. 14 - Exercises 25 through 28 refer to the following...Ch. 14 - Exercises 29 and 30 refer to the following story:...Ch. 14 - Exercises 29 and 30 refer to the following story:...Ch. 14 - Prob. 31ECh. 14 - Prob. 32ECh. 14 - Exercises 33 through 36 refer to the following...Ch. 14 - Exercises 33 through 36 refer to the following...Ch. 14 - Exercises 33 through 36 refer to the following...Ch. 14 - Exercises 33 through 36 refer to the following...Ch. 14 - Exercises 37 through 40 refer to a clinical study...Ch. 14 - Exercises 37 through 40 refer to a clinical study...Ch. 14 - Exercises 37 through 40 refer to a clinical study...Ch. 14 - Prob. 40ECh. 14 - Prob. 41ECh. 14 - Exercises 41 through 44 refer to a clinical trial...Ch. 14 - Prob. 43ECh. 14 - Exercises 41 through 44 refer to a clinical trial...Ch. 14 - Prob. 45ECh. 14 - Prob. 46ECh. 14 - Exercises 45 through 48 refer to a study on the...Ch. 14 - Prob. 48ECh. 14 - Exercises 49 through 52 refer to a landmark study...Ch. 14 - Prob. 50ECh. 14 - Exercises 49 through 52 refer to a landmark study...Ch. 14 - Prob. 52ECh. 14 - Exercises 53 through 56 refer to a study conducted...Ch. 14 - Prob. 54ECh. 14 - Exercises53_ through 56_ refer to a study...Ch. 14 - Exercises53 through 56 refer to a study conducted...Ch. 14 - Prob. 57ECh. 14 - Prob. 58ECh. 14 - Exercises 57 through 60 refer to the following...Ch. 14 - Prob. 60ECh. 14 - Prob. 61ECh. 14 - Prob. 62ECh. 14 - Prob. 63ECh. 14 - Prob. 64ECh. 14 - Read the examples of informal surveys given in...Ch. 14 - Leading-question bias. The way the questions in...Ch. 14 - Prob. 67ECh. 14 - Prob. 68ECh. 14 - Prob. 69ECh. 14 - Prob. 70ECh. 14 - Prob. 71ECh. 14 - Prob. 72ECh. 14 - One of the problems with the capture-recapture...Ch. 14 - Darrochs method. is a method for estimating the...
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