Biology: Concepts and Investigations
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781260259049
Author: Hoefnagels
Publisher: MCG
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Textbook Question
Chapter 14, Problem 4WIO
Which of the groups in figure 1.9 represent clades? Which groups do not represent clades? Explain your answers.
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Consider the cladogram shown.
1. Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synamorphies)?
2. Which species has the greatest number of ancestral character states (plesiomorphies)?
What is a cladogram?
A cladogram is a diagram that shows relations among organisms. A cladogram uses lines that branch to end at
groups of organisms with a common ancestor. The image shows the relationship among groups A, B, and C.
Closely related organisms will have one or more SHARED TRAITS, indicated by the green and orange circles.
1. Which two organisms are most closely related?
2. The green dot indicates a trait that is shared
by every animal on the diagram. Suggest a trait
that would apply.
3. Animals A & B share a trait that animal C does
not have, indicated by the orange circle.
Suggest a trait that would apply.
Source: https//commons wikimedia org/wiki/File Identical cladograms svg
B.
Based on the character matrix in the picture, draw a Venn diagram. Start with the character that is shared by all the taxa on the outside. Inside each box, write the taxa that have only that set of characters.
Next, make a cladogram based on the matrix and Venn diagram.
Chapter 14 Solutions
Biology: Concepts and Investigations
Ch. 14.1 - What is the relationship between macroevolution...Ch. 14.1 - Prob. 2MCCh. 14.1 - What are some of the challenges in defining...Ch. 14.2 - Prob. 1MCCh. 14.2 - Prob. 2MCCh. 14.3 - Distinguish among allopatric, parapatric, and...Ch. 14.3 - Prob. 2MCCh. 14.3 - Prob. 3MCCh. 14.4 - Describe the theories of gradualism and punctuated...Ch. 14.4 - Prob. 2MC
Ch. 14.5 - Prob. 1MCCh. 14.5 - Prob. 2MCCh. 14.5 - Prob. 3MCCh. 14.6 - Describe the taxonomic hierarchy.Ch. 14.6 - What is the advantage of a cladistics approach...Ch. 14.6 - Distinguish between ancestral and derived...Ch. 14.6 - Prob. 4MCCh. 14.6 - How is a cladogram constructed?Ch. 14.6 - Prob. 6MCCh. 14.7 - Prob. 1MCCh. 14.7 - Prob. 2MCCh. 14 - The biological species concept defines species...Ch. 14 - Prob. 2MCQCh. 14 - A mountain range separates a population of...Ch. 14 - Prob. 4MCQCh. 14 - Prob. 5MCQCh. 14 - Prob. 6MCQCh. 14 - What type of reproductive barrier applies to each...Ch. 14 - Why do species become extinct? Choose a species...Ch. 14 - Prob. 3WIOCh. 14 - Which of the groups in figure 1.9 represent...Ch. 14 - On figure 14.20, circle a monophyletic group, a...Ch. 14 - Prob. 1PITCh. 14 - Add fertilization and offspring to this concept...Ch. 14 - Prob. 3PIT
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- What is a clade?arrow_forwardWhat is taxon? Give a few example.arrow_forwardConstruct a cladogram that provides one hypothesis about the evolutionary history for these 6 taxa. Be sure to map each of the character states for every taxon represented in the character matrix. See tips below to help get you started. You can insert a photo of a hand drawn cladogram or create one on your device. Keep in mind that cladograms are hypotheses, there are many different cladograms that can be constructed. a) Which characteristics were identified as homoplasies on your cladogram? b)arrow_forward
- Construct a cladogram that provides one hypothesis about the evolutionary history for these 6 taxa. Be sure to map each of the character states for every taxon represented in the character matrix. See tips below to help get you started. You can insert a photo of a hand drawn cladogram or create one on your device. Keep in mind that cladograms are hypotheses, there are many different cladograms that can be constructed. a) Which characteristics were identified as homoplasies on your cladogram? b) Now that your tree has been constructed, how confident do you feel in your hypothesis and why?arrow_forwardGiven a cladogram for a group of species, what additional interpretation is needed to obtain a phylogenetic tree?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true regarding the way we define clades with characters? Select one: a. Autapomorphies are good characters to use because they describe every lineage of the clade and no other lineages b. Plesiomorphies are good characters to use because they describe every lineage of the clade and no other lineages c. Synapomorphies are good characters to use because they describe every lineage of the clade and no other lineages Please give me the correct answer quickly I will give you upvotearrow_forward
- A cladogram used in a comparison of morphology among taxa had equal length branches, but when looked at in a blast webpage using the given gene sequence, the branches all had different lengths. Why is that?arrow_forwardThe first picture is a question that has already been complete, but you do need to use that first picture to answer to question #2arrow_forwardV4arrow_forward
- Species 1 is described as 2n = 8 and has chromosome composition BBDDEEHH. Species 2 is described as 2n = 10 and has chromosome composition NNPPSSXXZZ. Select the best answer to classify the organism below based on its chromosome composition. Note that each letter represents a chromosome and that the organism below is either an individual from one of the species above or is derived from one or both species above. Organism: BBDEEHH Select one: Oa. Haploid O b. Diploid C. Double Trisomic O d. Autotriploid e. Double Monosomic f. Monosomic O g. Allotriploid Oh. Autotetraploid Oi. Allotetraploid Nullisomic Ok. Trisomicarrow_forwardBased on this matrix, is my cladogram correctly done? 1.a) What species on the cladogram are endothermic (fully endothermic species only=those that maintain their body temperature only with their metabolism = not sharks for instance)? 1.b) Considering the location and relationship of endotherms on the cladogram, what type of character (homologous, homoplasy: convergence or reversal) do you think endothermy is? try to use specific terminology: character, homologous characters, nom homologous characters, character states (or evolutionary stages of a character), ancestral (plesiomorphic), derived (apomorphic), homoplasy, convergence, reversal....arrow_forwardWhy is a classification system based on relatedness war objective than a classification system based on the comparison of observed characteristics. What do the tips and branches of a phylogenetic tree representarrow_forward
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