Concept explainers
Videos
Introduction:
The overreactions of the immune system to some non-toxic or innocuous environmental antigens are known as the hypersensitivity reactions. These are also known as allergic reactions. Depending upon the active mechanisms these reactions are grouped into four types.
Answer to Problem 1Q
Correct answer:
The correct answer is option (c) type III hypersensitivity: modified cell-surface components.
Option (g) type II hypersensitivity: immediate hypersensitivity.
Explanation of Solution
Explanation/justification for the correct answer:
Option (c) type III hypersensitivity: modified cell-surface components. Type III hypersensitivity is usually caused by the small and soluble immune complexes of antigen-specific IgG. These are deposited in the walls of blood capillaries or the alveoli of lungs. Antibodies or other proteins are commonly derived from the non-human animal species. These are given to the patients which are prone to type III hypersensitivity reactions. So, the correct answer is option (c).
Option (g) type II hypersensitivity: immediate hypersensitivity. In this type of hypersensitivity, reactions take place immediately after the contact to the allergens. Type II hypersensitivity is also known as immediate hypersensitivity as it leads to immediate allergic reactions. So, the correct answer is option (g).
Explanation for incorrect answer:
Option (a) type I hypersensitivity: mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. These hypersensitivity reactions are started by the infection of an allergic-antigen with the allergen-specific IgE. These are linked to FceRI receptors of mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. So, this is an incorrect option.
Option (b) type II hypersensitivity: Penicillin allergy. It is a type of hypersensitivity reactions which is caused by an IgG response to some chemical and small molecules. These are covalently bound to the outside surface of the cells. So, this is an incorrect answer.
Option (d) type IV hypersensitivity:CD4 TH1 or CD8 T-cells. These reactions are usually caused by the antigen-specific effector T-cells like CD4 TH1 cells or CD8 T-cells. So, this is an incorrect answer.
Option (e) type III hypersensitivity: non-human therapeutic proteins. Antibodies which are derived from the non-human animal species are usually given to patients. These induce type III hypersensitivity reactions. So, this is an incorrect answer.
Option (f) type IV hypersensitivity: modified intracellular human proteins. These reactions are usually caused by CD4T-cells. These cells respond to the epitopes of peptides which are derived from chemically modified human proteins. The example of these proteins is nickel-modified peptides presented by MHC class II molecules. So, this is an incorrect answer.
Option (h) type I hypersensitivity: IgE cross-linking. This type of hypersensitivity is usually caused by the interaction of soluble allergens with the specific IgE. So, this is an incorrect answer.
Hence, Type III hypersensitivity is usually caused by small soluble immune complexes of antigen and specific IgG. Type II hypersensitivity is also known as immediate hypersensitivity as it leads to immediate allergic reactions. So, the correct answer is option (c) type III hypersensitivity: modified cell-surface components, option (g) type II hypersensitivity: immediate hypersensitivity.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 14 Solutions
IMMUNE SYSTEM-W/CASE STUDIES (2 BOOKS)
- With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobinarrow_forwardWhich ONE of the following is FALSE regarding haemoglobin? It has two alpha subunits and two beta subunits. The subunits are joined by disulphide bonds. Each subunit covalently binds a haem group. Conformational change in one subunit can be transmitted to another. There are many variant ("mutant") forms of haemoglobin that are not harmful.arrow_forwardWhich ONE of the following is FALSE regarding haemoglobin? It has two alpha subunits and two beta subunits. The subunits are joined by disulphide bonds. Each subunit covalently binds a haem group. Conformational change in one subunit can be transmitted to another. There are many variant ("mutant") forms of haemoglobin that are not harmful.arrow_forward
- During a routine medical check up of a healthy man it was found that his haematocrit value was highly unusual – value of 60%. What one of the options below is the most likely reason? He will have a diet high in iron. He is likely to be suffering from anaemia. He lives at high altitude. He has recently recovered from an accident where he lost a lot of blood. He has a very large body size.arrow_forwardExplain what age of culture is most likely to produce an endospore?arrow_forwardExplain why hot temperatures greater than 45 degrees celsius would not initiate the sporulation process in endospores?arrow_forward
- Endospore stain: Consider tube 2 of the 7-day bacillus culture. After is was heated, it was incubated for 24 hours then refrigerated. Do you think the cloudiness in this tube is due mostly to vegetative cells or to endospores? Explain your reasoningarrow_forwardReactunts C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 2NAD+ + 2ADP 2 Pyruvic acid + 2NADH + 2ATP a. Which of the above are the reactants? b. Which of the above are the products? c. Which reactant is the electron donor? GHz 06 (glucose) d. Which reactant is the electron acceptor? NAD e. Which of the products have been reduced? NADH f. Which of the products have been oxidized? g. Which process was used to produce the ATP? h. Where was the energy initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished? i. Where was the carbon initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished? j. Where were the electrons initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished? 3arrow_forwardThere is ________ the concept of global warming. Very strong evidence to support Some strong evidence to support Evidence both supporting and against Evidence againstarrow_forward
- How many types of reactions can an enzyme perform?arrow_forwardYour goal is to produce black seeds resistant to mold. So you make the same cross again (between a homozygous black seeded, mold susceptible parent and a homozygous white seeded and mold resistant parent), and, again, advance progeny by SSD to create 100 F10 generation plants. Based on the information you obtained from your first crossing experiment (Question #4), how many F10 plants would you expect to have black seeds and be resistant to mold? Assume that a toxin produced by the mold fungus has been isolated. Only mold resistant seeds will germinate in the presence of the toxin. Could you use this toxin screening procedure to have segregation distortion work in your favor in the F2 generation? Explain your answer. Info from Question 4 a. P Locus (Seed Color): Hypothesis: The null hypothesis (H₀) is that seed color is controlled by alleles at a single locus. Observed Data: Total white seeds: 45 (resistant plants) + 6 (susceptible plants) = 51 Total black seeds: 7 (resistant…arrow_forward10. Consider the following enzyme and its substrate where the "+" and "-" indicate cations and anions, respectively. Explain which of the following inhibitors could inhibit this enzyme? Which type of inhibitor would it be and why? (Video 5-2) Substrate Enzyme Potential inhibitorsarrow_forward
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSON
Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education