Concept explainers
Videos
Introduction:
The overreactions of the immune system to some non-toxic or innocuous environmental antigens are known as the hypersensitivity reactions. These are also known as allergic reactions. Depending upon the active mechanisms these reactions are grouped into four types.
Answer to Problem 1Q
Correct answer:
The correct answer is option (c) type III hypersensitivity: modified cell-surface components.
Option (g) type II hypersensitivity: immediate hypersensitivity.
Explanation of Solution
Explanation/justification for the correct answer:
Option (c) type III hypersensitivity: modified cell-surface components. Type III hypersensitivity is usually caused by the small and soluble immune complexes of antigen-specific IgG. These are deposited in the walls of blood capillaries or the alveoli of lungs. Antibodies or other proteins are commonly derived from the non-human animal species. These are given to the patients which are prone to type III hypersensitivity reactions. So, the correct answer is option (c).
Option (g) type II hypersensitivity: immediate hypersensitivity. In this type of hypersensitivity, reactions take place immediately after the contact to the allergens. Type II hypersensitivity is also known as immediate hypersensitivity as it leads to immediate allergic reactions. So, the correct answer is option (g).
Explanation for incorrect answer:
Option (a) type I hypersensitivity: mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. These hypersensitivity reactions are started by the infection of an allergic-antigen with the allergen-specific IgE. These are linked to FceRI receptors of mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. So, this is an incorrect option.
Option (b) type II hypersensitivity: Penicillin allergy. It is a type of hypersensitivity reactions which is caused by an IgG response to some chemical and small molecules. These are covalently bound to the outside surface of the cells. So, this is an incorrect answer.
Option (d) type IV hypersensitivity:CD4 TH1 or CD8 T-cells. These reactions are usually caused by the antigen-specific effector T-cells like CD4 TH1 cells or CD8 T-cells. So, this is an incorrect answer.
Option (e) type III hypersensitivity: non-human therapeutic proteins. Antibodies which are derived from the non-human animal species are usually given to patients. These induce type III hypersensitivity reactions. So, this is an incorrect answer.
Option (f) type IV hypersensitivity: modified intracellular human proteins. These reactions are usually caused by CD4T-cells. These cells respond to the epitopes of peptides which are derived from chemically modified human proteins. The example of these proteins is nickel-modified peptides presented by MHC class II molecules. So, this is an incorrect answer.
Option (h) type I hypersensitivity: IgE cross-linking. This type of hypersensitivity is usually caused by the interaction of soluble allergens with the specific IgE. So, this is an incorrect answer.
Hence, Type III hypersensitivity is usually caused by small soluble immune complexes of antigen and specific IgG. Type II hypersensitivity is also known as immediate hypersensitivity as it leads to immediate allergic reactions. So, the correct answer is option (c) type III hypersensitivity: modified cell-surface components, option (g) type II hypersensitivity: immediate hypersensitivity.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 14 Solutions
EBK THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, 4E
- Answer in step by step with explanation. Don't use Ai and chatgpt.arrow_forwardIdentify the indicated cavity (Fucus). a. antheridia b. conceptacel c. receptacle d. oogonium e. none of thesearrow_forwardIdentify the indicated structure (Saprolegnia). a. antheridium O b. oospore c.sperm d. auxospore e. tetraspore Of. zygosporearrow_forward
- Using information from the primary literature (several references have been provided as a starting point below) please answer the following question: Based on your review of the literature on rewilding, what are the major scientific pros and cons for rewilding? Please note that the focus of this assignment are the (biological) scientific issues associated with rewilding. As will be discussed in class, there are a number of non-scientific issues involved or implicated in rewilding, all ultimately affecting the public acceptability of rewilding. Although these issues are important – indeed, critical – in this assignment you should focus on the biological science issues and questions. Details: You must enumerate at least two pros and at least two cons. Your answer should be no more than 500 well-chosen words, excluding references. Think carefully about how best to organize and structure your answer. Aim for high information density: say a lot, but say it succinctly. Recall Nietzche’s…arrow_forwardUsing information from the primary literature (several references have been provided as a starting point below) please answer the following question: Based on your review of the literature on rewilding, what are the major scientific pros and cons for rewilding? Please note that the focus of this assignment are the (biological) scientific issues associated with rewilding. As will be discussed in class, there are a number of non-scientific issues involved or implicated in rewilding, all ultimately affecting the public acceptability of rewilding. Although these issues are important – indeed, critical – in this assignment you should focus on the biological science issues and questions. Details: You must enumerate at least two pros and at least two cons. Your answer should be no more than 500 well-chosen words, excluding references. Think carefully about how best to organize and structure your answer. Aim for high information density: say a lot, but say it succinctly. Recall Nietzche’s…arrow_forwardNow draw a rough sketch of what the control data might look like if in addition to the specific binding, there was also a considerable amount of nonspecific binding (again using a normal dose/response curve) (do % total bound ligand vs concentration)arrow_forward
- What are functions of cuboidal cells in the kidney? Select all that apply. Concentration of gases Dilution of chemicals Secretion of molecules Nutrition to tissues Support of tissues Absorption of moleculesarrow_forwardquestion1 In plants, epithelial tissue is only found as the outermost cell layer and acts as a barrier. In humans, epithelial tissue is found inside the body as well as on the surface. What function(s) does/do epithelial tissue carry out in humans? Select all that apply. Waste storage Filtration Oxygen transport Protection Diffusion Osmosis Absorptionarrow_forwardWhat words best describes this organism? a. Unicellular/nonmotile Ob. unicellular/motile c. colonial/nonmotile d. colonial/motile e. multicelluar O f. siphonous g. none of thesearrow_forward
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSON
Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education