1 Chemistry: The Science Of Change 2 Atoms And The Periodic Table 3 Quantum Theory And The Electronic Structure Of Atoms 4 Periodic Trends Of Elements 5 Ionic And Covalent Compounds 6 Representing Molecules 7 Molecular Geometry, Intermolecular Forces, And Bonding Theories 8 Chemical Equations 9 Chemical Reactions In Aqueous Solutions 10 Energy Changes In Chemical Reactions 11 Gases 12 Liquids And Solids 13 Physical Properties Of Solutions 14 Entropy And Free Energy 15 Chemical Equilibrium 16 Acids, Bases, And Salts 17 Acid-base Equilibria And Solubility Equilibria 18 Electrochemistry 19 Chemical Kinetics 20 Nuclear Chemistry 21 Environmental Chemistry 22 Coordination Chemistry 23 Organic Chemistry 24 Modern Materials 25 Nonmetallic Elements And Their Compounds (online Only) 26 Metallurgy And The Chemistry Of Metals (online Only) expand_more
14.1 Spontaneous Processes 14.2 Entropy 14.3 Entropy Changes In A System 14.4 Entropy Changes In The Universe 14.5 Predicting Spontaneity 14.6 Thermodynamics In Living Systems Chapter Questions expand_more
Problem 14.1KSP: Using Gf values from Appendix 2, calculate the standard free-energy change (Grxn) of the following... Problem 14.2KSP Problem 14.3KSP: Using Grxnvalues from Appendix 2, calculate the standard free-energy change of the following... Problem 14.4KSP Problem 14.1QP: Explain what is meant by a spontaneous process. Give two examples each of spontaneous and... Problem 14.2QP: Which of the following processes are spontaneous and which are nonspontaneous: (a) ________... Problem 14.3QP Problem 14.4QP Problem 14.5QP Problem 14.6QP Problem 14.7QP Problem 14.1VC: Consider two gas samples at STP: one consisting of a mole of F2 gas (S = 203.34 J/K mol) and one... Problem 14.2VC: Now consider the reaction F2(g)2F(g)at constant temperature and pressure. What factors contribute to... Problem 14.3VC: Which of the following best describes why entropy always increases with temperature? (a) As... Problem 14.4VC: Which of the following best explains why entropy typically increases with molar mass? (a) As molar... Problem 14.8QP: How does the entropy of a system change for each of the following processes? (a) A solid melts. (b)... Problem 14.9QP: How does the entropy of a system change for each of the following processes? (a) Bromine liquid... Problem 14.10QP: Predict whether the entropy change is positive or negative for each of the following reactions. Give... Problem 14.11QP Problem 14.12QP: Calculate Ssys for (a) the isothermal expansion of 3.0 moles of an ideal gas from 15.0 L to 20.0 L,... Problem 14.13QP: Calculate Ssys for (a) the isothermal compression of 0.0090 mole of an ideal gas from 152 mL to 80.5... Problem 14.14QP: Using the data in Appendix 2, calculate the standard entropy changes for the following reactions at... Problem 14.15QP: Using the data in Appendix 2, calculate the standard entropy changes for the following reactions at... Problem 14.16QP: For each pair of substances listed here, choose the one having the larger standard entropy value at... Problem 14.17QP: Arrange the following substances (1 mole each) in order of increasing entropy at 25C: (a) Ne(g), (b)... Problem 14.18QP: State the second law of thermodynamics in words, and express it mathematically. Problem 14.19QP: State the third law of thermodynamics in words, and explain its usefulness in calculating entropy... Problem 14.20QP: Calculate Ssurr for each of the reactions in Problem 14.14 and determine if each reaction is... Problem 14.21QP: Calculate Ssurr for each of the reactions in Problem 14.15 and determine if each reaction is... Problem 14.22QP: Using data from Appendix 2, calculate Srxn and Ssurr for each of the reactions m Problem 14.10 and... Problem 14.23QP: Using data from Appendix 2, calculate Srxn and Ssurr for each of the reactions in Problem 14.11 and... Problem 14.24QP: When a folded protein in solution is heated to a high enough temperature, its polypeptide chain will... Problem 14.25QP: Define free energy. What are its units? Problem 14.26QP: Why is it more convenient to predict the direction of a reaction in terms of Gsys instead of Suniv?... Problem 14.27QP: What is the significance of the sign of Gsys? Problem 14.28QP: From the following combinations of H and S, predict if a process will be spontaneous at a high or... Problem 14.29QP Problem 14.30QP: Calculate G for the following reactions at 25C. (a) N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) (b) H2O(l) H2O(g) (c)... Problem 14.31QP: Calculate G for the following reactions at 25C. (a) 2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s) (b) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ... Problem 14.32QP: From the values of H and S, predict which of the following reactions would be spontaneous at 25C.... Problem 14.33QP: Find the temperatures at which reactions with the following H and S values would become spontaneous.... Problem 14.34QP: The molar heats of fusion and vaporization of ethanol are 7.61 and 26.0 kJ/mol, respectively.... Problem 14.35QP: The molar heats of fusion and vaporization of mercury are 23.4 and 59.0 kJ/mol, respectively.... Problem 14.36QP: Use the values listed in Appendix 2 to calculate G for the following alcohol fermentation.... Problem 14.37QP: Certain bacteria in the soil obtain the necessary energy for growth by oxidizing nitrites to... Problem 14.38QP: What is a coupled reaction? What is its importance in biological reactions? Problem 14.39QP: What is the role of ATP in biological reactions? Problem 14.40QP Problem 14.41QP: Predict the signs of H, S, and G of the system for the following processes at 1 atm: ammonia melts... Problem 14.42QP: A student placed 1 g of each of three compounds A, B, and C in a container and found that after 1... Problem 14.43QP: The enthalpy change in the denaturation of a certain protein is 125 kJ/mol. If the entropy change is... Problem 14.44QP: Consider the following facts: Water freezes spontaneously at 5C and 1 atm, and ice has a lower... Problem 14.45QP: Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) dissolves spontaneously and endothermically in water. What can you deduce... Problem 14.46QP: The standard enthalpy of formation and the standard entropy of gaseous benzene are 82.93 kJ/mol and... Problem 14.47QP: (a) Troutons rule states that the ratio of the molar heat of vaporization of a liquid (Hvap) to its... Problem 14.48QP: Referring to Problem 14.47, explain why the ratio is considerably smaller than 90 J/K mol for... Problem 14.49QP Problem 14.50QP Problem 14.51QP Problem 14.52QP Problem 14.53QP Problem 14.54QP: The molar heat of vaporization of ethanol is 39 3 kJ/mol, and the boiling point of ethanol is 78.3C.... Problem 14.55QP: As an approximation, we can assume that proteins exist either in the native (physiologically... Problem 14.56QP: When a native protein in solution is heated to a high enough temperature, its polypeptide chain will... Problem 14.57QP: A 74.6-g ice cube floats in the Arctic Sea. The pressure and temperature of the system and... Problem 14.58QP: A reaction for which H and S are both negative is (a) nonspontaneous at all temperatures. (b)... Problem 14.59QP: The sublimation of carbon dioxide at 78C is given by CO2(s) CO2(g) Hsub = 25.2 kJ/mol Calculate... Problem 14.60QP: Many hydrocarbons exist as structural isomers, which are compounds that have the same molecular... Problem 14.61QP: Consider the following reaction at 298 K. 2H2(s) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) H = 571.6 kJ/mol Calculate Ssys,... Problem 14.62QP: Which of the following is not accompanied by an increase in the entropy of the system: (a) mixing of... Problem 14.63QP: Which of the following are not state functions: S, H, q, w, T? Problem 14.64QP: Give a detailed example of each of the following, with an explanation: (a) a thermodynamically... Problem 14.65QP: Hydrogenation reactions (e.g., the process of converting C=C bonds to CC bonds in the food industry)... Problem 14.66QP: At 0 K. the entropy of carbon monoxide crystal is not zero but has a value of 4.2 J/K mol. called... Problem 14.67QP: Which of the following thermodynamic functions are associated only with the first law of... format_list_bulleted