Physics of Everyday Phenomena
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781260048469
Author: Griffith
Publisher: MCG
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Textbook Question
Chapter 13, Problem 5CQ
When an axon is stimulated, a voltage spike or action potential is created. Does this voltage spike remain stationary or travel down the axon? Explain. (See everyday phenomenon box 13.1.)
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Question 14
An unmyelinated segment of the axon has a radius of r-2 um and a length of L=5 cm. what is its membrane
capacitance (Farad) ?. (The capacitance per unit area, C = 0.01 F/m?).
A. 0.00000000628
B. 0.00000002512
C. 0.00000001884
D. 0.00000001256
E. None
Assume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential (length excited = nerve speed x pulse duration = 50.0 m/s x 0.0020 s = 0.10 m). In the resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with K+ ions and the inner wall has an
equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in the figure below. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = ke A/d and Q = CAV to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell wall thickness d =
2.0 × 10-8 m, axon
radius r = 1.6 × 10¹ µm, and cell-wall dielectric constant x = 2.9.
Positive
charge
layer
Negative
charge
layer
External fluid
Axon wall membrane
Internal fluid
Axon radius = r
No
+
(a) Calculate the positive charge on the outside of a 0.10-m piece of axon when it is not conducting an electric pulse. (Assume an initial potential difference of 7.0 x 10-² v.)
d
Your response differs significantly from the correct answer. Rework your…
Chapter 13 Solutions
Physics of Everyday Phenomena
Ch. 13 - Two arrangements of a battery, bulb, and wire are...Ch. 13 - Suppose you have two wires, a battery, and a bulb....Ch. 13 - In a simple battery-and-bulb circuit, is the...Ch. 13 - Are electric current and electric charge the same...Ch. 13 - When an axon is stimulated, a voltage spike or...Ch. 13 - Does the signal in an axon travel at the same...Ch. 13 - Consider the circuit shown, where the wires are...Ch. 13 - Consider the circuit shown. Could we increase the...Ch. 13 - Two circuit diagrams are shown. Which one, if...Ch. 13 - Suppose we use an uncoated metal clamp to hold the...
Ch. 13 - Consider the two signs shown, which are located in...Ch. 13 - If we decrease the potential difference across a...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13CQCh. 13 - When a battery is being used in a circuit, will...Ch. 13 - Two resistors are connected in series with a...Ch. 13 - In the circuit shown below. R1, R2,. and R3 are...Ch. 13 - In the circuit shown in question 16, which of the...Ch. 13 - If we disconnect R2, from the rest of the circuit...Ch. 13 - When current passes through a series combination...Ch. 13 - In the circuit shown, the circle with a V in it...Ch. 13 - In the circuit shown, the circle with an A in it...Ch. 13 - Which will normally have the larger resistance, a...Ch. 13 - Is electric energy the same as electric power?...Ch. 13 - If the current through a certain resistance is...Ch. 13 - Prob. 25CQCh. 13 - What energy source increases the potential energy...Ch. 13 - Prob. 27CQCh. 13 - Prob. 28CQCh. 13 - Prob. 29CQCh. 13 - Prob. 30CQCh. 13 - Prob. 31CQCh. 13 - Prob. 32CQCh. 13 - Why does a bimetallic strip bend when the...Ch. 13 - A charge of 28 C passes at a steady rate through a...Ch. 13 - A current of 4.5 A flows through a battery for 3...Ch. 13 - Prob. 3ECh. 13 - A current of 1.5 A is flowing through a resistance...Ch. 13 - A current of 0.522 A flows through a resistor with...Ch. 13 - Four 22 resistors are connected in series to an...Ch. 13 - A 47 resistor and a 28 resistor are connected in...Ch. 13 - In the circuit shown, the 1 resistance is the...Ch. 13 - Three resistors are connected to a 12-V battery as...Ch. 13 - Two resistors, each having a resistance of 40 ....Ch. 13 - Prob. 11ECh. 13 - Three identical resistances, each 30 , are...Ch. 13 - A 9-V battery in a simple circuit produces a...Ch. 13 - A 80 resistor has a voltage difference of 12 V...Ch. 13 - A 75-W light bulb operates on an effective ac...Ch. 13 - A toaster draws a current of 9.0 A when it is...Ch. 13 - A clothes dryer uses 6600 W of power when...Ch. 13 - In the circuit shown, the internal resistance of...Ch. 13 - Three 36 lightbulbs are connected in parallel to...Ch. 13 - In the circuit shown, the 8-V battery is opposing...Ch. 13 - In the combination of 12 resistors shown in the...Ch. 13 - A 850-W toaster, a 1200-W waffle iron, and a...
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- Assume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential (length excited = nerve speed x pulse duration = 50.0 m/s x 0.0020 s = 0.10 m). In the resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with K+ ions and the inner wall has an equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in the figure below. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = KE A/d and Q = CAV to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell wall thickness d = 1.3 x 10-8 m, axon radius r = 1.3 × 10¹ μm, and cell-wall dielectric constant x = 2.1. Positive charge layer Negative charge layer External fluid + Axon wall membrane Internal fluid Axon radius = r + + How many sodium ions (Na+) is this? Na+ ions + (a) Calculate the positive charge on the outside of a 0.10-m piece of axon when it is not conducting an electric pulse. (Assume an initial potential difference of 7.0 x 10-² V.) C How many K+ ions are on…arrow_forwardAssume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential (length excited = nerve speed x pulse duration = 50.0 m/s x 0.0020 s = 0.10 m). In the resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with K+ ions and the inner wall has an equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in the figure below. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = K² A/d and Q = CAV to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell wall thickness d = 2.0 x 10-8 m, axon radius r = 1.6 x 10¹ μm, and cell-wall dielectric constant k = 2.9. Positive charge layer Negative charge layer External fluid Axon wall membrane Internal fluid - Axon radius= d -2 (a) Calculate the positive charge on the outside of a 0.10-m piece of axon when it is not conducting an electric pulse. (Assume an initial potential difference of 7.0 x 10-² v.) 9.03E-10 C How many K+ ions are on the outside of the axon assuming an…arrow_forwardAssume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential (length excited = nerve speed x pulse duration = 50.0 m/s x 0.0020 s = 0.10 m). In the resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with K+ ions and the inner wall has an equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in the figure below. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = KE A/d and Q = CAV to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell wall thickness d = 1.8 x 10-8 m, axon radius r = 1.4 × 10¹ μm, and cell-wall dielectric constant x = 2.0. Positive charge layer Negative charge layer 1+ External fluid + + + Axon wall membrane + Internal fluid Axon radius = r + + + d + (a) Calculate the positive charge on the outside of a 0.10-m piece of axon when it is not conducting an electric pulse. (Assume an initial potential difference of 7.0 x 10-² V.) How many K+ ions are on the outside of the axon assuming…arrow_forward
- please helparrow_forwardAssume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential (length excited = nerve speed × pulse duration = 50.0 m/s × 0.0020 s = 0.10 m). In the resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with K+ ions and the inner wall has an equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in the figure below. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = ??0A/d and Q = CΔV to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell wall thickness d = 1.1 ✕ 10−8 m, axon radius r = 2.0 ✕ 101 ?m, and cell-wall dielectric constant ? = 2.7. A diagram shows a collection of positive and negative charges in and around an axon. The diagram is divided into three sections, one on top of the other. The top section is labeled "External fluid". A row of positive charges labeled "Positive charge layer" lies along the bottom side of this section. Above the row of positive charges, there is an even mixture of…arrow_forwardAssume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential (length excited = nerve speed × pulse duration = 50.0 m/s × 0.0020 s = 0.10 m). In the resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with K+ ions and the inner wall has an equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in the figure below. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = ??0A/d and Q = CΔV to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell wall thickness d = 1.6 ✕ 10−8 m, axon radius r = 1.9 ✕ 101 ?m, and cell-wall dielectric constant ? = 2.6. (a) Calculate the positive charge on the outside of a 0.10-m piece of axon when it is not conducting an electric pulse. (Assume an initial potential difference of 7.0 ✕ 10−2 V.)?CHow many K+ ions are on the outside of the axon assuming an initial potential difference of 7.0 ✕ 10−2 V??K+ ions (b) How much positive charge must flow through the cell membrane to reach…arrow_forward
- Assume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential length excited = nerve speed × pulse duration = 50.0 m/s × 0.0020 s = 0.10 m). In the resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with k* ions and the inner wall has an equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in the figure below. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = ke,A/d and Q = CAV to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell wall thickness d = 1.4 x 10-8 m, axon radius r = 1.4 x 101 um, and cell-wall dielectric constant k = 2.2.arrow_forwarda) What was the smallest voltage required to produce a contraction (the threshold voltage)? What proportion of the fibers in the muscle do you think were contracting to produce this small response? b) What was the smallest voltage required to produce the maximum (largest) contraction? What proportion of the fibers in the muscle do you think were contracting to produce this maximal response?arrow_forwardA myelinated axon conducts nerve impulses at a speed of 40 m/s. What is the signal speed if the thickness of the myelin sheath is halved but no other changes are made to the axon?arrow_forward
- Assume the length of an axon membrane of about 0.10 cm is excited by an action potential (length excited = nerve speed ✕ pulse duration = 50 m/s ✕ 2.0 ms = 10 cm). In the resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with K+ ions and the inner wall has an equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in the figure below. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = ??oA/d and Q = CΔV to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell thickness d = 1.6 ✕ 10−8 m, axon radius r = 1.2 ✕ 101 ?m, and cell-wall dielectric constant ? = 2.3. A diagram shows a collection of positive and negative charges in and around an axon. The diagram is divided into three sections, one on top of the other. The top section is labeled "External fluid". A row of positive charges labeled "Positive charge layer" lies along the bottom side of this section. Above the row of positive charges, there is an even mixture of…arrow_forwardAssume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential (length excited = nerve speed x pulse duration 50.0 m/s x 0.0020 s = 0.10 m). In the %D resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with Kt ions and the inner wall has an equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in the figure below. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = KƐ A/d and Q = CAV to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell -8 wall thickness d = 1.5 x 10 m, axon radius r = 2.0 x 10- um, and cell-wall dielectric constant K = 2.9. External fluid + Positive charge layer Axon wall membrane d Negative charge layer Internal fluid Axon radius = r (a) Calculate the positive charge on the outside of a 0.10-m piece of axon when it is not conducting an electric pulse. (Assume an initial potential difference of 7.0 x 10-2 v.) 1.035E-9 Your response differs from the correct answer by more than 10%.…arrow_forwardItem 13 Cell Membranes and Dielectrics Many cells in the body have a cell membrane whose inner and outer surfaces carry opposite charges, just like the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor. Suppose a typical cell membrane has a thickness of 8.5x109 m, and its inner and outer surfaces carry charge densities of -6.4×10-4 C/m² and +6.4×10-4 C/m², respectively. In addition, assume that the material in the cell membrane has a dielectric constant of 5.4. Part A Find the direction of the electric field within the cell membrane. into the cell O out of the cell Submit Part B E = Find the magnitude of the electric field within the cell membrane. Express your answer using two significant figures. —| ΑΣΦ Submit Part C Request Answer |AV| = Submit Request Answer Calculate the potential difference between the inner and outer walls of the membrane. Express your answer using two significant figures. 17 ΑΣΦ # ? Request Answer N/C ? mVarrow_forward
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