(a)
To explain: How the model violates the second law of
Introduction:
Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.
(b)
To determine: The reason for not working of this model for small molecules although it may allow one to catch fish.
Introduction:
Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.
(c)
To explain: Why the fish trap work for fish.
Introduction:
Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.
(d)
To explain: The two plausible mechanisms for the unidirectional transport of dye molecules between the cells that do not violate the second law of thermodynamics.
Introduction:
Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.
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Chapter 13 Solutions
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (Instructor's)
- A culture of kidneys cells contains all intermediates of the citric acid cycle. It is treated with an irreversible inhibitor of malate dehydrogenase, and then infused withglucose. Fill in the following list to account for the number of energy molecules that are formed from that one molecule of glucose in this situation. (NTP = nucleotidetriphosphate, e.g., ATP or GTP)Net number of NTP:Net number of NADH:Net number of FADH2:arrow_forward16. Which one of the compounds below is the final product of the reaction sequence shown here? OH A B NaOH Zn/Hg aldol condensation heat aq. HCI acetone C 0 D Earrow_forward2. Which one of the following alkenes undergoes the least exothermic hydrogenation upon treatment with H₂/Pd? A B C D Earrow_forward
- 6. What is the IUPAC name of the following compound? A) (Z)-3,5,6-trimethyl-3,5-heptadiene B) (E)-2,3,5-trimethyl-1,4-heptadiene C) (E)-5-ethyl-2,3-dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene D) (Z)-5-ethyl-2,3-dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene E) (Z)-2,3,5-trimethyl-1,4-heptadienearrow_forwardConsider the reaction shown. CH2OH Ex. CH2 -OH CH2- Dihydroxyacetone phosphate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate The standard free-energy change (AG) for this reaction is 7.53 kJ mol-¹. Calculate the free-energy change (AG) for this reaction at 298 K when [dihydroxyacetone phosphate] = 0.100 M and [glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate] = 0.00300 M. AG= kJ mol-1arrow_forwardIf the pH of gastric juice is 1.6, what is the amount of energy (AG) required for the transport of hydrogen ions from a cell (internal pH of 7.4) into the stomach lumen? Assume that the membrane potential across this membrane is -70.0 mV and the temperature is 37 °C. AG= kJ mol-1arrow_forward
- Consider the fatty acid structure shown. Which of the designations are accurate for this fatty acid? 17:2 (48.11) 18:2(A9.12) cis, cis-A8, A¹¹-octadecadienoate w-6 fatty acid 18:2(A6,9)arrow_forwardClassify the monosaccharides. H-C-OH H. H-C-OH H-C-OH CH₂OH H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH CH₂OH CH₂OH CH₂OH CH₂OH D-erythrose D-ribose D-glyceraldehyde Dihydroxyacetone CH₂OH CH₂OH C=O Answer Bank CH₂OH C=0 HO C-H C=O H-C-OH H-C-OH pentose hexose tetrose H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH aldose triose ketose CH₂OH CH₂OH CH₂OH D-erythrulose D-ribulose D-fructosearrow_forwardFatty acids are carboxylic acids with long hydrophobic tails. Draw the line-bond structure of cis-A9-hexadecenoate. Clearly show the cis-trans stereochemistry.arrow_forward
- The formation of acetyl-CoA from acetate is an ATP-driven reaction: Acetate + ATP + COA Acetyl CoA+AMP+ PP Calculate AG for this reaction given that the AG for the hydrolysis of acetyl CoA to acetate and CoA is -31.4 kJ mol-1 (-7.5 kcal mol-¹) and that the AG for hydrolysis of ATP to AMP and PP; is -45.6 kJ mol-1 (-10.9 kcal mol-¹). AG reaction kJ mol-1 The PP, formed in the preceding reaction is rapidly hydrolyzed in vivo because of the ubiquity of inorganic pyrophosphatase. The AG for the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PP.) is -19.2 KJ mol-¹ (-4.665 kcal mol-¹). Calculate the AG° for the overall reaction, including pyrophosphate hydrolysis. AGO reaction with PP, hydrolysis = What effect does the presence of pyrophosphatase have on the formation of acetyl CoA? It does not affect the overall reaction. It makes the overall reaction even more endergonic. It brings the overall reaction closer to equilibrium. It makes the overall reaction even more exergonic. kJ mol-1arrow_forwardConsider the Haworth projections of ẞ-L-galactose and ẞ-L-glucose shown here. OH CH₂OH OH CH₂OH OH OH OH ОН OH он B-L-galactose B-L-glucose Which terms describe the relationship between these two sugars? epimers enantiomers anomers diastereomersarrow_forwardClassify each characteristic as describing anabolism or catabolism. Anabolism Answer Bank Catabolism transforms fuels into cellular energy, such as ATP or ion gradients uses NADPH as the electron carrier synthesizes macromolecules requires energy inputs, such as ATP uses NAD+ as the electron carrier breaks down macromoleculesarrow_forward
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