How the model violates the second law of thermodynamics . Introduction: Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

Question

what are the different classes and some examples of neuroprotectants that can be used to treat, prevent, or combat neurotoxicity/a neurotoxicant...for example, antioxidants, nutraceuticals, etc.,..?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 31DAP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: How the model violates the second law of thermodynamics.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason for not working of this model for small molecules although it may allow one to catch fish.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: Why the fish trap work for fish.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The two plausible mechanisms for the unidirectional transport of dye molecules between the cells that do not violate the second law of thermodynamics.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

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what are the different classes and some examples of neuroprotectants that can be used to treat, prevent, or combat neurotoxicity/a neurotoxicant...for example, antioxidants, nutraceuticals, etc.,..?

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 31DAP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: How the model violates the second law of thermodynamics.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason for not working of this model for small molecules although it may allow one to catch fish.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: Why the fish trap work for fish.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The two plausible mechanisms for the unidirectional transport of dye molecules between the cells that do not violate the second law of thermodynamics.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 31DAP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: How the model violates the second law of thermodynamics.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason for not working of this model for small molecules although it may allow one to catch fish.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: Why the fish trap work for fish.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The two plausible mechanisms for the unidirectional transport of dye molecules between the cells that do not violate the second law of thermodynamics.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 31DAP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: How the model violates the second law of thermodynamics.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason for not working of this model for small molecules although it may allow one to catch fish.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: Why the fish trap work for fish.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The two plausible mechanisms for the unidirectional transport of dye molecules between the cells that do not violate the second law of thermodynamics.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

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Answer 5

Chapter 13, Problem 31DAP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: How the model violates the second law of thermodynamics.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason for not working of this model for small molecules although it may allow one to catch fish.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: Why the fish trap work for fish.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The two plausible mechanisms for the unidirectional transport of dye molecules between the cells that do not violate the second law of thermodynamics.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

Answer 6

Chapter 13, Problem 31DAP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: How the model violates the second law of thermodynamics.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

Answer 7

Chapter 13, Problem 31DAP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: How the model violates the second law of thermodynamics.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

Answer 8

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason for not working of this model for small molecules although it may allow one to catch fish.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

Answer 9

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine: The reason for not working of this model for small molecules although it may allow one to catch fish.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

Answer 10

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: Why the fish trap work for fish.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

Answer 11

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain: Why the fish trap work for fish.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

Answer 12

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The two plausible mechanisms for the unidirectional transport of dye molecules between the cells that do not violate the second law of thermodynamics.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

Answer 13

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The two plausible mechanisms for the unidirectional transport of dye molecules between the cells that do not violate the second law of thermodynamics.

Introduction:

Neuroglia cells are supporting cells that are located throughout the nervous system. Astrocytes cells provide support and binds structures together between the neurons and blood vessels. It responds against brain injury and repairs it in the CNS. It regulates concentration of glucose (substances) and potassium (ions) within interstitial spaces and the transmission of substances to neurons from blood vessels. It allows the nourishment of neurons and releases growth factors. Oligodendrocytes cells are arranged in rows along with axons. In the central nervous system, it covers the axons in myelin sheath.

Answer 14

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Ch. 13 - Prob. 1P Ch. 13 - Prob. 2P Ch. 13 - Prob. 3P Ch. 13 - Prob. 4P Ch. 13 - Prob. 5P Ch. 13 - Prob. 6P Ch. 13 - Prob. 7P Ch. 13 - Prob. 8P Ch. 13 - Prob. 9P Ch. 13 - Prob. 10P

Chapter 13 Solutions