
To explain: The reason for no changes of ATP, but
Introduction: Adenosine triphosphate is the cellular energy that involved in both catabolic and anabolic activities. Adenine is attached to ribose sugar. Ribose sugar is also connected to three phosphate groups. Phosphate group near the ribose sugar is termed as alpha phosphate group, next to it, is central phosphate group and last one is gamma phosphate group.
To explain: The reason for no change of
Introduction: Adenosine triphosphate is the cellular energy that is involved in both catabolic and anabolic activities. Adenine is attached to ribose sugar. Ribose sugar is also connected to three phosphate groups. The phosphate group near the ribose sugar is termed as alpha phosphate group, next to it, is central phosphate group and last one is gamma phosphate group.

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Chapter 13 Solutions
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 7E & SaplingPlus for Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 7E (Six-Month Access)
- NH2 ΝΗΣ NH₂ NH2 NH2 A OCH3 NO₂ B C D E 1. Which one of the five compounds above is the strongest base? 2. Which one of the five compounds above is the second-strongest base? (That is, which one is next-to-strongest base?) 3. Which one of the five compounds above is the weakest base? 4. Which one of the five compounds above is the second-weakest base? (That is, which one is next-to-weakest base?) NO2arrow_forwardDraw a diagram to demonstrate 3' to 5' exonuclease activity?arrow_forward1. Write the piece of mRNA that would code for the amino acid sequence NH3 - met - tyr - cys- his- CO2. Label the 5' and 3' ends. (diagram attached) 2.arrow_forward
- You were tasked with purifying an untagged transcription factor (molecular weight 65,000Da, isoelectric point unknown) from a contaminant Protein A (molecular weight 50,000 Da, isoelectric point 5.0). You were also instructed to use the protein for crystallization studies after purification.i) In the initial purification step, which type of chromatography should you attempt? Explain your choice and specify the requirements of the buffer solution you should use. ii) Analyzing the proteins recovered from step i) using SDS-PAGE, you still observed a faint band of Protein A in addition to the transcription factor band. Given the limited time available for further purification, you must choose ONE appropriate chromatography method to maximize the chances of separating the two proteins as well as your crystallization studies. Provide a detailed explanation of your selection and the techniques/strategies you would employ to achieve this.arrow_forwardYou were given a mixture of two proteins with different isoelectric points and molecular weights:• Protein X: pI 4.2, MW 42,000• Protein Y: pI 9.8, MW 90,000Using a Tris-glycine discontinuous native gel (pH8.3) electrophoresis system with a running gel of 12%, only a single band was observed upon protein staining after electrophoresis. Explain the observed result and discuss possible factors affecting protein migration in this system.arrow_forwardThe standard cost of Product B manufactured by Oriole Company includes 3.5 units of direct materials at $5.40 per unit. During June, 27,300 units of direct materials are purchased at a cost of $5.15 per unit, and 27,300 units of direct materials are used to produce 7,600 units of Product B. (a) Compute the total materials variance and the price and quantity variances. Total materials variance Materials price variance Materials quantity variance $ (b) Compute the total materials variance and the price and quantity variances, assuming the purchase price is $6.35 and the quantity purchased and used is 26,300 units. Total materials variance Materials price variance Materials quantity variance $arrow_forward
- The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl CoA. E₁, E2, and E3 are abbreviations for the enzymes of the complex. Classify the enzyme names, prosthetic groups, and reactions as E1, E2, or E3. E₁ E2 Answer Bank E3 transfer of electrons to FAD and then to NAD+ transfer of acetyl group to coenzyme A formation of hydroxyethyl-TPP hydroxyethyl group transferred to lipoamide thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) FAD lipoamide dihydrolipoyl transacetylase pyruvate dehydrogenase dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenasearrow_forwardPatients with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency show high levels of lactic acid in the blood. However, in some cases, treatment with dichloroacetate (DCA), which inhibits the kinase associated with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, lowers lactic acid levels. How does DCA act to stimulate pyruvate dehydrogenase activity? DCA activates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. DCA increases phosphorylation levels of pyruvate dehydrogenase. DCA inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. ODCA activates pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase. What does this suggest about pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in patients who respond to DCA? The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is active only when phosphorylated by the kinase. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is active only in the presence of the kinase. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is completely inactive. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex displays some residual activity.arrow_forwardThe reduced coenzymes generated by the citric acid cycle donate electrons in a series of reactions called the electron-transport chain. The energy from the electron-transport chain is used for oxidative phosphorylation. Which compounds donate electrons to the electron- transport chain? H₂O NADH பப NAD+ ATP ADP FADH₂ FAD Which compounds are the final products of the electron-transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation? H₂O NADH NAD+ ΠΑΤΡ Π ADP FADH₂ FAD Which compound is the final electron acceptor in the electron-transport chain? Оно NADH NAD+ ATP ADP FADH₂ FADarrow_forward
- Hexokinase in red blood cells has a Michaelis constant (KM) of approximately 50 μM. Because life is hard enough as it is, let's assume that hexokinase displays Michaelis-Menten kinetics. What concentration of blood glucose yields an initial velocity (V) equal to 90% of the maximal velocity (Vmax)? [glucose] = What does the calculated substrate concentration at 90% Vmax tell you if normal blood glucose levels range between approximately 3.6 and 6.1 mM? Hexokinase operates near Vmax only when glucose levels are low. Hexokinase normally operates far below Vmax. Hexokinase operates near Vmax only when glucose levels are high. Hexokinase normally operates near Vmax mMarrow_forwardClassify each coenzyme or distinguishing characteristic based on whether it corresponds to catalytic or stoichiometric coenzymes. Catalytic coenzymes Answer Bank Stoichiometric coenzymes lipoic acid FAD used once coenzyme A regenerated thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) NAD+arrow_forwardThe oxidation of malate by NAD+ to form oxaloacetate is a highly endergonic reaction under standard conditions. AG +29 kJ mol¹ (+7 kcal mol-¹) Malate + NAD+ oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ The reaction proceeds readily under physiological conditions. = Why does the reaction proceed readily as written under physiological conditions? The NADH produced during glycolysis drives the reaction in the direction of malate oxidation. The steady-state concentrations of the products are low compared with those of the substrates. The reaction is pushed forward by the energetically favorable oxidation of fumarate to malate. Endergonic reactions such as this occur spontaneously without the input of free energy. Assuming an [NAD+ ]/[NADH] ratio of 8, a temperature of 25°C, and a pH of 7, what is the lowest [malate]/[oxaloacetate] ratio at which oxaloacetate can be formed from malate? [malate] [oxaloacetate]arrow_forward
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