The product of the given reaction is to be predicted. Concept Introduction: Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds. Hydrogenation (Addition of H 2 to alkenes ): The addition of H 2 to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 13.77CP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction is to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of H2 to alkenes): The addition of H2 to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The products of the reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Reaction of aromatic compounds: unlike alkene, aromatic compound undergoes a electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction where a H atom get replaced by group of atoms.

Nitration: The substitution of a nitro group for hydrogen on an aromatic ring.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (H+) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (-OH) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (H+) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (-OH) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of H2 to alkenes): The addition of H2 to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 13.77CP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction is to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of H2 to alkenes): The addition of H2 to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The products of the reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Reaction of aromatic compounds: unlike alkene, aromatic compound undergoes a electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction where a H atom get replaced by group of atoms.

Nitration: The substitution of a nitro group for hydrogen on an aromatic ring.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (H+) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (-OH) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (H+) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (-OH) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of H2 to alkenes): The addition of H2 to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 13.77CP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction is to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of H2 to alkenes): The addition of H2 to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The products of the reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Reaction of aromatic compounds: unlike alkene, aromatic compound undergoes a electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction where a H atom get replaced by group of atoms.

Nitration: The substitution of a nitro group for hydrogen on an aromatic ring.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (H+) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (-OH) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (H+) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (-OH) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of H2 to alkenes): The addition of H2 to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 13.77CP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction is to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of H2 to alkenes): The addition of H2 to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The products of the reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Reaction of aromatic compounds: unlike alkene, aromatic compound undergoes a electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction where a H atom get replaced by group of atoms.

Nitration: The substitution of a nitro group for hydrogen on an aromatic ring.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (H+) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (-OH) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (H+) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (-OH) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of H2 to alkenes): The addition of H2 to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

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Answer 5

Chapter 13, Problem 13.77CP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction is to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of H2 to alkenes): The addition of H2 to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The products of the reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Reaction of aromatic compounds: unlike alkene, aromatic compound undergoes a electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction where a H atom get replaced by group of atoms.

Nitration: The substitution of a nitro group for hydrogen on an aromatic ring.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (H+) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (-OH) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (H+) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (-OH) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of H2 to alkenes): The addition of H2 to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

Answer 6

Chapter 13, Problem 13.77CP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction is to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of H2 to alkenes): The addition of H2 to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

Answer 7

Chapter 13, Problem 13.77CP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction is to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of H2 to alkenes): The addition of H2 to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

Answer 8

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The products of the reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Reaction of aromatic compounds: unlike alkene, aromatic compound undergoes a electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction where a H atom get replaced by group of atoms.

Nitration: The substitution of a nitro group for hydrogen on an aromatic ring.

Answer 9

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The products of the reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Reaction of aromatic compounds: unlike alkene, aromatic compound undergoes a electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction where a H atom get replaced by group of atoms.

Nitration: The substitution of a nitro group for hydrogen on an aromatic ring.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (H+) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (-OH) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (H+) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (-OH) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (H+) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (-OH) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (H+) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (-OH) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of H2 to alkenes): The addition of H2 to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product of the given reaction to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of H2 to alkenes): The addition of H2 to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

Answer 16

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Answer 17

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Answer 18

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Answer 19

Ch. 13.2 - Prob. 13.1P Ch. 13.2 - Prob. 13.2P Ch. 13.2 - What are the IUPAC names of the two alkenes shown...Ch. 13.3 - Prob. 13.4P Ch. 13.3 - Prob. 13.5P Ch. 13.3 - Prob. 13.6KCP Ch. 13.5 - Prob. 13.7P Ch. 13.5 - Many biological transformations can be simply...Ch. 13.5 - (a) After the reaction of 11-cis-retinal with...Ch. 13.5 - Prob. 13.2CIAP

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