Chapter 12.3, Problem 7CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reagent for the given transformation should be identified.

Concept introduction:

The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$reaction: ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction twostep process. The first step is departure of the leaving group and forms stable carbocation second step is nucleophile attacks to the carbocation.

The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction: ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction is concerted reaction. ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction is single step process, nucleophile attacks and departure of the leaving group occurs in simultaneous manner.

9-BBN (9-Borabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane) or diborane is used for the hydroboration of alkene. Boron addition to the double bond and subsequent oxidation of the new formed borane yields anti-Markovnikov alcohols.

The role of dilute sulfuric acid is used for the hydration of alkene in organic synthesis.

Reduction: Aldehydes or ketones undergoing reduction by using reducing agent like LAH or NaBH₄ which provides alcohol.

The oxymercuration reaction is an electrophilic addition reaction, an alkene undergoes oxymercuration and forms neutral alcohol.

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions (negative part) goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

Markovnikov addition: unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions (negative part) goes to the more substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

 (b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reagent for the given transformation should be identified.

Concept introduction:

The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$reaction: ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction twostep process. The first step is departure of the leaving group and forms stable carbocation second step is nucleophile attacks to the carbocation.

The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction: ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction is concerted reaction. ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction is single step process, nucleophile attacks and departure of the leaving group occurs in simultaneous manner.

9-BBN (9-Borabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane) or diborane is used for the hydroboration of alkene. Boron addition to the double bond and subsequent oxidation of the new formed borane yields anti-Markovnikov alcohols.

The role of dilute sulfuric acid is used for the hydration of alkene in organic synthesis.

Reduction: Aldehydes or ketones undergoing reduction by using reducing agent like LAH or NaBH₄ which provides alcohol.

The oxymercuration reaction is an electrophilic addition reaction, an alkene undergoes oxymercuration and forms neutral alcohol.

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions (negative part) goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

Markovnikov addition: unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions (negative part) goes to the more substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

 (c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reagent for the given transformation should be identified.

Concept introduction:

The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$reaction: ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction twostep process. The first step is departure of the leaving group and forms stable carbocation second step is nucleophile attacks to the carbocation.

The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction: ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction is concerted reaction. ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction is single step process, nucleophile attacks and departure of the leaving group occurs in simultaneous manner.

9-BBN (9-Borabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane) or diborane is used for the hydroboration of alkene. Boron addition to the double bond and subsequent oxidation of the new formed borane yields anti-Markovnikov alcohols.

The role of dilute sulfuric acid is used for the hydration of alkene in organic synthesis.

Reduction: Aldehydes or ketones undergoing reduction by using reducing agent like LAH or NaBH₄ which provides alcohol.

The oxymercuration reaction is an electrophilic addition reaction, an alkene undergoes oxymercuration and forms neutral alcohol.

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions (negative part) goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

Markovnikov addition: unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions (negative part) goes to the more substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

 (d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reagent for the given transformation should be identified.

Concept introduction:

The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$reaction: ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction twostep process. The first step is departure of the leaving group and forms stable carbocation second step is nucleophile attacks to the carbocation.

The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction: ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction is concerted reaction. ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction is single step process, nucleophile attacks and departure of the leaving group occurs in simultaneous manner.

9-BBN (9-Borabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane) or diborane is used for the hydroboration of alkene. Boron addition to the double bond and subsequent oxidation of the new formed borane yields anti-Markovnikov alcohols.

The role of dilute sulfuric acid is used for the hydration of alkene in organic synthesis.

Reduction: Aldehydes or ketones undergoing reduction by using reducing agent like LAH or NaBH₄ which provides alcohol.

The oxymercuration reaction is an electrophilic addition reaction, an alkene undergoes oxymercuration and forms neutral alcohol.

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions (negative part) goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

Markovnikov addition: unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions (negative part) goes to the more substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

 (e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reagent for the given transformation should be identified.

Concept introduction:

The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$reaction: ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction twostep process. The first step is departure of the leaving group and forms stable carbocation second step is nucleophile attacks to the carbocation.

The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction: ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction is concerted reaction. ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction is single step process, nucleophile attacks and departure of the leaving group occurs in simultaneous manner.

9-BBN (9-Borabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane) or diborane is used for the hydroboration of alkene. Boron addition to the double bond and subsequent oxidation of the new formed borane yields anti-Markovnikov alcohols.

The role of dilute sulfuric acid is used for the hydration of alkene in organic synthesis.

Reduction: Aldehydes or ketones undergoing reduction by using reducing agent like LAH or NaBH₄ which provides alcohol.

The oxymercuration reaction is an electrophilic addition reaction, an alkene undergoes oxymercuration and forms neutral alcohol.

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions (negative part) goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

Markovnikov addition: unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions (negative part) goes to the more substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

 (f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reagent for the given transformation should be identified.

Concept introduction:

The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$reaction: ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction twostep process. The first step is departure of the leaving group and forms stable carbocation second step is nucleophile attacks to the carbocation.

The ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction: ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction is concerted reaction. ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ reaction is single step process, nucleophile attacks and departure of the leaving group occurs in simultaneous manner.

9-BBN (9-Borabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane) or diborane is used for the hydroboration of alkene. Boron addition to the double bond and subsequent oxidation of the new formed borane yields anti-Markovnikov alcohols.

The role of dilute sulfuric acid is used for the hydration of alkene in organic synthesis.

Reduction: Aldehydes or ketones undergoing reduction by using reducing agent like LAH or NaBH₄ which provides alcohol.

The oxymercuration reaction is an electrophilic addition reaction, an alkene undergoes oxymercuration and forms neutral alcohol.

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions (negative part) goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

Markovnikov addition: unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions (negative part) goes to the more substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.