Chapter 12, Problem 42E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The electron dot formula and structural formula of ${\text{PO}}_4^{3-}$ are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

An electron dot formula is a way of representing the molecular structure in which electrons are represented by a dot. Structural formula is a way in which atoms are linked together through a solid line. This solid line represents the covalent bond. An electron dot structure is known as Lewis structure. Electron dot structure indicates the valence electrons of an atom which are involved in bonding.

Answer to Problem 42E

Electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{PO}}_4^{3-}$ are shown below.

Explanation of Solution

In molecule ${\text{PO}}_4^{3-}$ phosphorous is present as a central atom and oxygen is present as the surrounding atom of phosphorous. Phosphorous has $5$ valence electrons and oxygen has $6$ valence electrons. Negative charge present on the molecule indicates that three electrons are gained by the atom of the molecule. Total number of electron pairs is calculated by adding the valence electrons and the negative charge present on the molecule. So, number of electrons is $\left(6+5+3\right)$ which is $14$. Total electrons present in each bond pair is $2$. Rest of the electrons are present as the lone pairs on oxygen atoms. An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{PO}}_4^{3-}$ is shown below in Figure 1 and 2 respectively.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Solid line, in Figure 2, between the phosphorous and oxygen atom is the covalent bond which is made up of two electrons. This bond is formed by sharing of electrons between the atoms present in that bond.

Conclusion

An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{PO}}_4^{3-}$ are shown above in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The electron dot formula and structural formula of ${\text{HPO}}_4^{2-}$ are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

An electron dot formula is a way of representing the molecular structure in which electrons are represented by a dot. Structural formula is a way in which atoms are linked together through a solid line. This solid line represents the covalent bond. An electron dot structure is known as Lewis structure. Electron dot structure indicates the valence electrons of an atom which are involved in bonding.

Answer to Problem 42E

Electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{HPO}}_4^{2-}$ are shown below.

Explanation of Solution

In molecule ${\text{HPO}}_4^{2-}$, phosphorous is the central atom and surrounding atom of phosphorous is oxygen. Phosphorous has $5$ valence electrons and oxygen has $6$ valence electrons. Negative charge present on the molecule indicates that two electrons are gained by the molecule. Total number of electron pairs is calculated by adding the valence electrons and the negative charge present on the molecule. So, number of electrons is $\left(6+6+6+6+5+1+2\right)$ which is $32$. This shows that total electrons must be $32$ or $16$ pair of electrons. Total electrons present in each bond pair is $2$. Rest of the electrons are present as the lone pair on phosphorous and oxygen atoms. An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{HPO}}_4^{2-}$ is shown below in Figure 3 and 4 respectively.

Figure 3

Figure 4

Each solid line, in Figure 4, between the phosphorous and oxygen atom is the covalent bond which is made up of two electrons. This bond is formed by sharing of electrons between the central atom phosphorous and the surrounding oxygen atoms.

Conclusion

An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{HPO}}_4^{2-}$ are shown above in Figure 3 and Figure 4.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The electron dot formula and structural formula of ${\text{PO}}_3^{3-}$ are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

An electron dot formula is a way of representing the molecular structure in which electrons are represented by a dot. Structural formula is a way in which atoms are linked together through a solid line. This solid line represents the covalent bond. An electron dot structure is known as Lewis structure. Electron dot structure indicates the valence electrons of an atom which are involved in bonding.

Answer to Problem 42E

Electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{PO}}_3^{3-}$ are shown below.

Explanation of Solution

In molecule ${\text{PO}}_3^{3-}$, phosphorous is the central atom and surrounding atom of phosphorous is oxygen. Phosphorous has $5$ valence electrons and oxygen has $6$ valence electrons. Negative charge present on the molecule indicates that three electrons are gained by the the molecule. Total number of electron pairs is calculated by adding the valence electrons and the negative charge present on the molecule. So, number of electrons is $\left(6+6+6+5+3\right)$ which is $26$. This shows that total electrons must be $26$ or $13$ pair of electrons. Total electrons present in each bond pair is $2$. Rest of the electrons are present as the lone pair on phosphorous and oxygen atoms. An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{PO}}_3^{3-}$ is shown below in Figure 5 and 6 respectively.

Figure 5

Figure 6

Each solid line, in Figure 6, between the phosphorous and oxygen atom is the covalent bond which is made up of two electrons. This bond is formed by sharing of electrons between the central atom and the surrounding atom.

Conclusion

An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{PO}}_3^{3-}$ are shown above in Figure 5 and Figure 6.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The electron dot formula and structural formula of ${\text{HPO}}_3^{2-}$ are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

An electron dot formula is a way of representing the molecular structure in which electrons are represented by a dot. Structural formula is a way in which atoms are linked together through a solid line. This solid line represents the covalent bond. An electron dot structure is known as Lewis structure. Electron dot structure indicates the valence electrons of an atom which are involved in bonding.

Answer to Problem 42E

Electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{HPO}}_3^{2-}$ are shown below.

Explanation of Solution

In molecule ${\text{HPO}}_3^{2-}$, phosphorous is the central atom and surrounding atom of phosphorous is oxygen. Phosphorous has $5$ valence electrons and oxygen has $6$ valence electrons. Negative charge present on the molecule indicates that two electrons are gained by the molecule. Total number of electron pairs is calculated by adding the valence electrons and the negative charge present on the molecule. So, number of electrons is $\left(6+6+6+5+2+1\right)$ which is $28$. This shows that total electrons must be $28$ or $14$ pair of electrons. Total electrons present in each bond pair is $2$. Rest of the electrons are present as the lone pair on phosphorous and oxygen atoms. An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{HPO}}_3^{2-}$ is shown below in Figure 7 and 8 respectively.

Figure 7

Figure 8

Each solid line, in Figure 8, between the phosphorous and oxygen atom is the covalent bond which is made up of two electrons. This bond is formed by sharing of electrons between the central atom and the surrounding atom.

Conclusion

An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{HPO}}_3^{2-}$ are shown above in Figure 7 and Figure 8.